Unsustainable Tourism Essay

Unsustainable incumbranceistry EssayTourism Industry is one of the fastest growing industries in the knowledge domain. Tourism has pine been a central component of the economic, social and cultural flip that has left its imprint on the world system of cities in the past two decades (Dumond 2005 cited in Beben 20061). According to the statistics of World Trade Organization, in that respect was 693 million tourist arrivals across the globe in 2002 (Beben 2006). Moreover, WTO and the World Tourism and Travel Council announced a achievable increase in the be of tourists to close to 1 billion by the end of 2010 (Massound 2010).Mass touristry is seen as a large number of concourse participating in touristry as well as inflexible and packaged standardized holidays (Poon 1993). Starting from the 50s a new tourist demand guide to a new tip in this evolutionary transit. Tourism industry just like other Fordist industries has been supplying mint grassdy products, closelyly cons idered under the sound out of mass touristry (Conti Perelli 2004). According to Conti and Perelli (20043), Thomas Cook created the touristry packages in the 19th century as the pioneering forms of mass touristry and the opportunity for the definitive shift from the aristocratic forms of vacation to the mass mobility of workers spending their paid holidays travelling. The concept of Cookism was used in a place of Fordism to express the era of mass touristry. Others seen mass touristry as consuming places by the large number of visitors (Urry 1995). More recently mass tourism consumption gain it by has been linked to the ideas of a McDonaldization, Disneyfication or McDisneyfication of societies (Ritzer and Liska 1997 cited in Conti and Perelli 20043). The impact of those consumption patterns has been considered as the typical Fordist leading to a reduction of the cultural diversity by mean of the demand of a tourist experience that leave behind be more and more reproducing the bothday life patterns of consumption (Contti and Perelli 2004).Mass tourism is strongly linked to seasonality. The impact of schools closure for the holiday periods as well as companies work programmes and the destination specific weather conditions, all that aspects be gathering great number of tourists at the same time (Shaw and Williams 1995). in front tourism was a luxury, available mostly for higher class just now after the introduction of packaged holidays and growth of mobility and technology, travelling became more accessible for everyone.Tourism has aroused on the market as a forceful industry making replaces which have both positive and minus economic, socio-cultural and environmental impacts. The phylogenesis of tourism industry is very important for economy of the country in particular for less developed countries as it increase hostile exchange earnings and generates employment. According to UNWTO, tourism stands for 8% of employment and 9% of world-wide GDP and by the year 2019 allow provide 296 million jobs (UNWTO cited in MercoPress, 2010). Tourism cigaret have a powerful and beneficial direction for both economic and sociio-cultural change moreover at the same time it can be destroying. Do actual benefits from tourism go to the host participation? Is political sciences priority in development are to provide the needs of the tourists instead of topical anaesthetic community? The government blinded by the opportunity of the country to generate the property from the development tourism is forgetting about the negative aspects that the industry can bring. Most of the attention has been make to economic aspects of the tourism growth and environmental and socio-cultural issues have been swept out to the second plan. Although to make tourism sustainable it is very important to look at those aspects.As mentioned before tourism enables the development of the destination although, the inadequacy of own capital and a weak economy of some underdeveloped destinations makes foreign investors to manakin a new hotels that makes tourism being beneficial mostly for the developed countries. The same is with employment. It seems like tourism would give jobs to the local community but in the meantime the investors from developed countries employed the workers with a better education and abilities so the developing country stays with almost nonhing. When the development is lower than the position of a country is worse. Leakage is an amount of money that escapes from the local economy (France 1997). According to Kripperdorf(1982136), tourism planning is usually in the hands of outside promoters the local existence are regarded merely as landowners or as a reserve of labour, not as mass entitled to participate in decision making. For example, tour operators owning resorts and sending the customers to the destination which mean that local community wont benefit much from those tourists. They export food for the tourist and employ British stuff.How tourism can be sustainable if its breaking the basic rules of it. The tourism control and planning strategy is crucial in developing sustainable tourism but how can it be done if even government is closing their eyes on the unfair practices in the Tourism sector of that region. The uncontrolled tourism in Goa has a strong impact on host community who has to face the food and water shortage (Almeida 1996). Moreover, Goan has to face with electricity problems, there is a austere water shortage. The water pipeline that was originally meant for the villagers is now being utilised by the hotels. The transport too is insufficient to transport both locals and tourists (Misquita, 1996a cited in Noronha1999101). actually fast process of urbanisation has changed Goa into the concrete jungle. Police is closing their eyes on the drug fulfilled parties. Barely 10 % of Goans have benefited from tourism development, moreover, the foreign investors are buying large am ounts of lands in the region (Almeida 1996).All those examples illustrate how unsustainable tourism it is.Moreover, as suggested by mole and Wright (1977) physical impacts to the tourist destination include alterations to the inbred environment, including air, water, soils, vegetation and wildlife as well as changes to the build environment (Mathiesen and Wall 1999 38).Mass tourism affects strongly beaches, cliff-side, environment and degraded landscape. In some mass destinations ground water is in an alarmingly low level which is largely consumed by agricultural sector, by the irritation of a great number of gardens constructed due to the development of new summer houses and second homes and golf courses (Molz 20045). Also the beaches have been extended in order to meet tourist demand. The unlimited constructions and unsustainable exploitation of immanent resources go out lead to the serious environmental problems. Recreational activities organized for tourists have also stron g impact. Tourists by touching reefs when diving and snorkeling are change them. Also by the great number of boat trips tourist are disturbing marine animals. According to Kripperdorf (1982135), the mass phenomena of modern tourism have initiated the paradoxial process Tourism destroys tourism. The landscape loses its tourist value through its use, or rather over-use, by the tourist.Mass tourism is not sole(prenominal) a problem of coastal regions but also the winter season is strongly connected to mass tourism. In Alps the number of tourists doubles every 7 years (Dziedzic 1998). In Tyrol the ski slope is going through the endangered forests. Every year more than 500 hectares of agricultural land is used to make new go resorts and slopes (Dziedzic 1998). Environmental degradation destroys the meaning of existence of tourism itself. The number of tourists is growing every year. According to the World Travel report (cited in Hickman 2006) by 2020 the essential features of some of the wonders of the world will be damaged by global warming, while other resorts will let seriously overcrowded.The carrying capacity has been described as greatest number of people who can use the place without any damage to the natural resources and without degradation of the environment (Wall and Mathiasen 1999). The attrition of historical buildings and the saturation of the coasts are one of the problems were carrying capacity has been overtaken. Changes in tourist destinations are inevitable but the concept of carrying capacity has the chance to indicate the amount and the way of change and to tax to which point those changes are acceptable (Mathiesen and Wall 1999).The socio-cultural impacts are the other aspect of a great importance when looking at the changes in tourism as it strongly changes the way of life of the local communities. Mass tourism is causing displacement of indigenous population by tourists. For example in Hawaii there are about 1 million of indigenous inh abitants, which is a quarter of the whole population (Dziedzic 1998). In human relationships, the disappearing traditional hospitality is a very important aspect. Especially in the big tourist resorts, these relations were long ago converted into a commodity for sale.Kuhn (2007 cited in Hanna 2010 HHhhKKKK) argues that sustainable tourism attempts to preserve traditional cultures in a way that the western tourist deems as authentic. If sustainable tourism will lead into that direction it will not be very successful. Tourist resorts also offer its guests a more refined, but a fake version of its folklore and traditions, adapted to the stereotypical images of the visited country. According to Mathieson and Wall (1992 4) the commercialization of culture, through the marketing and sale of artefacts, may revive traditional art forms or modify them so that they are scarcely recognizable. Which in a long term might create a phony folk culture but at the same moment it can lessen breathin g unemployment problems and create more jobs.The Tourism authorities are pleased of the fact that tourism is developing in the country but some of the local communities have different opinions on that. According to Ignacio Cembrero in View from Fez (2006), the countrys Islamist party frequently rails against hotel casinos, restaurants that serve alcohol and the growing gay club fit (Ranger 2006). The tourist must accept the cultural differences of other countries. The most of Moroccans are very religious and tourist has to respect it. Even more tolerate Moroccans can become tired of tourists when seeing nudity on the beaches or tourists wearing t-shirts or short trousers in the churches. It insults their believes and rules. A lack of consideration by tourists for local norms, culture, people or the environment of tourist receiving destinations is leading to unsustainable tourism practices (Poon 1993 in Wahab and Pigram 200451). This point was also commented by Obrador et al (20093) who suggest that local cultures are seen as eroded by a homogenous inauthentic, consumer culture.Moreover, overcrowding and growth of the bad reputation of the destination by breaking ethical rules can be destructive for the destination. in that respect are many places in the world which have been spoiled by mass tourism and after the development of low cost airlines many cities has muddled their shine.As most of the products also destinations have a lifecycle. It was clearly presented by Butler (1980) in his model of lifecycle of a tourist destination. He evaluated six stages a destination goes through when tourism development takes place exploration, involvement, development, consolidation, stagnation, concluding with either rejuvenation or decline.At this stage the destination is visited by small number of tourists who are keen to explore cultural and natural beauty of the place but the number of visitors is limited due to accessibility difficulties and lack of facilities. Her e the fondness of the place yet remains unmodified by tourism. In the next stage of involvement advertising and local initiatives are seen as the element of procession of the destination which results in increase of the tourist number with the pressure on the public sector to develop infrastructure. Next step in the cycle is development in which further initiatives for development of facilities are made by national and multinational companies. In this stage the control of the public sector is necessary as the popularity of the destination and increasing number of visitors may not only be the reason of success but also cause failure and the destination may suffer a change in quality through problems of over-use and deterioration of facilities (Butler 198092). The consolidation is the next level of tourism life cycle when tourism becomes a great part of the local community. Next step of stagnation occurs when after reaching peak numbers of visitors the destination is no longer popul ar and only conservative visitors are still coming back. In this stage the environmental, economical as well as socio-cultural problems can be seen as the reason. The last stage is decline where effort is need to maintain the tourist arrivals by introducing new types of facilities like for example casinos.Prague is only one of the examples of the life cycle destination. The city has become one of the most visited cities in Europe after Czech Republic became a member of EU and after the growth of mobility (Global Travel Industry countersign 2010). This beautiful, full of historical monuments city was rejuvenated in the last two decades. The commercialization of the city took place and the old town became surrounded by souvenir vendors, Irish pubs and beer gardens losing its authenticity. Also the prices have gone up and all locals who couldnt afford been forced to move out of town. Its one of the examples when the way of making quick immediate payment has prevailed over the unspoil ed charm of the historic Prague.Mass tourism has led to the development of sustainable tourism in order to reduce negative impacts of tourism growth. Later in time the concept of Post Fordism was seen as the customers seem to acquire more power in determining market tendencies. According to Contti and Perelli (20049), this change also tend to meet the new demand for environmental friendly tourism products, being new tourists generally perceived as more educated, kindle in local communities culture and in a real interaction with the surrounding environment. Since 1980 the sustainable tourism has began to be an important issue in the tourism industry (Swarbrooke 1999). By creating a new infrastructure, hotels and businesses the employment is increasing. By travelling people have a chance to experience new cultures and traditions, although not every tourist is keen to do that and some visitors are not interested in it and ignore host communities. Sustainable tourism development is dir ected especially to create a better understanding of tourism, of how to achieve balance between economic, cultural and environmental aspects of tourism development. It is necessary to encourage people to take indebtedness for the environment. Moreover, fair distribution of tourism benefits is necessary and the bigger involvement of local community in the tourism development decisions of their region has to be improved. The sustainable tourism directs to reduce negative impact on environment by introduction of quieter, more fuel efficient aircraft to start from to maximizing economic benefits for the host community rather than the visitors countries. Mass tourism is strongly connected to the high seasonal tourism caused by the great demand of 3s tourism tourists all over the world (Bramwell 2004). That is why diversification of tourism like development of rural tourism has been developed to minimize saturation of the beaches in the high seasons and to avoid mass tourism. The develop ment of sustainable tourism in very important for the countries where tourism industry is a main element of the local economy because the traditional beach holidays will decline caused by the saturation if the mass tourism will be increasing with that speed (Swarbrooke 1999). According to Perry (2001), the climate change caused by humans will result in future modification of the climate conditions for example in the Mediterranean area, whereas the northern and western Europe climate will be improved.In 1992 on the conference in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil the first strategy document on sustainable tourism has been announced Agenda 21 as the basic economic model of tourism in XXI century (Hanna 2010). Although, the Agenda 21 has meet various criticism mostly due to its non-binding treaties allowing most of the recommendations surrounding climate change and various other cultural issues to be ignored by the international community (Hanna 2010). Nowadays, alternative forms of tourism hav e been evince but taking in account that even small group tours can be damaging the sustainable tourism is hard to get.Latest tilt of Tourism Concern came to a conclusion that all-inclusive holidays, arguably the epitome of mass-packaged tourism consumption should be banned (Farrington 1999 cited in Sharpley and Telfer 2002 304). For example Gambias tourism authorities have banned all-inclusive holidays in 1999 (Sharpley and Telfer 2002). It is an effective contribution to the development of destination. This could be a possible solution of applying sustainable tourism into a real life but it is doubtful if it would work for every country. Another alternative solution suggested by France (199789) is the development of holiday complexes which provide imitative sun-warm water environments (e.g. Center Parc villages), located at points of maximum market access which could be an exit for achieving sustainable tourism just if the great number of people would choose it instead of norm al holidays.In conclusion, the growth of tourism seems to be inevitably unsustainable. Tourism is giving employment and economic benefits but for example in the Third World countries the division of money is unequal. The powerful developed countries are always going to be stronger than less developed countries if management will not be carefully planned. So even if tourism is bringing money, it is not always bringing it to the right place. Nowadays people blinded by money forgetting about more important things like passing their tradition to the next generation by conserving it.Mass tourism is termed as a neo-colonialism which can be compared to army forces where instead of their invasion we have an invasion of the tourist influx (Dziedzic 1998). There is no solution to stop people from travelling. The great understanding of negative impacts would lead to better sustainable tourism development but this need a high number of people involved in it which is hard to accomplish as nowada ys people dont think much about the future risk related to the planet because not to go away is like not possessing a car or a nice house. It is a marker of status in modern societies (Urry 19904). There is a lack of sustainable understanding and adequate tourism control to develop sustainable tourism. Sustainable tourism will not eliminate negative impacts of tourism but it could be a way to minimize its impact. Because if the growth in mass tourism will continue as fast as it does now the global warming will be arising and some destinations will suffer unbearably high temperatures with an increase in the risk of fire. All those changes will lead tourists to changes in their holiday destinations, which not necessarily means stop of mass tourism. Tourist will continue with transport use even if they will reduce their travels, it will be still environmental damaging. All the facts are coming into conclusion that the best way for sustainable tourism would be staying at home.