The Canterbury Tales Essay Example for Free

The Canterbury Tales EssayWhat do we learn about religion from studying the general prologue of The Canterbury Tales, With reference to two of the characters, the prioress and the monastic? Geoffrey Chaucer was born in 1340, his family were from London. Chaucer became a page in royal court and was educ haved with highly experience of people around him from the very rich to the ordinary working man helped him to print the Canterbury Tales. The Canterbury Tales is a framework story. It is about a group of pilgrims who go on a pilgrimage to Canterbury. While at the Tabard Inn, on the night before the journey, Chaucer describes them, The Monk and the Prioress are two of the pilgrims travelling with Chaucer. Using irony, Chaser seems at first to be compliment them. This is when his character he realises he is pointing out their soil and the criticising the church. The prioress was a Nun who travelled with Chaucer to Canterbury. While in the Inn Chaucer describes her, saying, That o f hie smylyng was ful simple and coy. Chaucer also writes, hir gretteste ooth was by saint Loy. Nuns are meant to be holy, they seduce committed there lives to God, they are meant to follow the commandments given to Moses, not even to intrust a little bit is acceptable let alone to swear at all. Chaucer also writes, Fulwel she song the survace divine, She was singing not to please God still to catch the eye of the other people in the church. Chaucer says that the prioress ate her meal with elegance, he said she had beautiful manners and that she was entertaining to watch, Mate wel y taught was she with alla, Amyable of port. Later on in the text Chaucer comments about her beauty on a number of occasions. Nuns have to take a vow of poverty and should not have any possessions. Clearly she possesses make-up and fine clothes. God should be the Centre of her life and she should only be doing things he wants her to do. Chaucer thinks that the prioress isnt acting and behaving as she s hould and that she should forget about the pilgrimage to Canterbury and start to learn once once again about being a nun. The Monk was according to Chaucer a fine looking man, Fair for the mainstrve, This man was not just a monk but an outryere. In those days lots of irony was used and an outrider was a person who could go out of his monasteries to do work for the church. Chaucer also sats that this monk, lovede Venerye and Ful many a deyntee hors haddle he in stable. The monk had taken a vow of poverty just like the prioress, so this monk shouldent have any possessions. Chaucer also writes about his brydel which was Gynglen in a whistynge waynge wynd. This monk was also drawing attention to himself while he was meant to be out doing the work of the church he was treating this work like a holiday. This monk was fashionable and enjoyed best quality food.A fat swan love he best of any roast. Swans were very expensive, so he mustiness have eaten this while he was out doing the wor k of the church. He was caring for his freedom, not commitment while he should have been caring for the poor not indulging himself. Although Chaucer wrote the Canterbury Tales about 600 years ago, it is still valid today. The nun and the Monk speak for themselves, they say that human nature doesnt change and that some people bequeath always be greedy and selficha dns some people will be nice and kind, this was Chaucers job, to show them up in his writings.

Sarbanes-Oxley Act Essay Example for Free

Sarbanes-Oxley Act EssayFrom the e-Activity, recommend how the SOX framework can match reliable and complete financial information and how accounting professionals have benefitted from its use. Provide support for your response. Evaluate how the SOX has reinforced investors and creditors confidence in companies and how these individuals can take steps to verify the accuracy of the financial statements of potential investments or loans. Provide support for your rationale.Answer The Sarbanes-Oxley Act was signed into law on July 30, 2002. Passed in response to the integrated and accounting scandals of Enron, Tyco, and others of 2001 and 2002, the laws purpose is to rebuild public trust in Americas corporate sector. The law leases that publicly traded companies adhere to significant new governance standards that broaden maturate members roles in overseeing financial transactions and auditing procedures. While nearly all of the provisions of the Act apply only to publicly trade d Corporations, the passage of the bill served as a wake-up call to the entire nonprofit community.Indeed, several state legislatures have already passed or are considering legislation containing elements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act to be applied to nonprofit organizations. In many instances, nonprofit organizations have adopted policies and altered governance practices in response to the Act. Nonprofit leaders should look carefully at the provisions of Sarbanes-Oxley, as well as their states laws, and determine whether their organizations ought to voluntarily adopt governance best practices, even if not mandated by law. This report will review those provisions and esteem their relevance to nonprofit organizations. Finally, it is important to note that two provisions of Sarbanes-Oxley apply to all entities, including nonprofit organizations. This report will also review those features of the Act that require immediate nonprofit compliance.

Coffee and Starbucks Essay Example for Free

Coffee and Starbucks EssayIn 1971, Starbucks was founded on a love for hot chocolate and 42 years later you canful distillery go in and expect the same delicious cup of steaming hot coffee from your local store, served to you from a friendly face. Starbucks mission is to inspire and elevation the human spirit one person, one cup, and one neighborhood at a time. Today, with more than 18,000 stores in 62 countries, Starbucks is the premier roaster and retailer of specialty coffee in the world. And with every cup, we strive to bring both our heritage and an exceptional experience to life. (http//www. starbucks. com/ astir(predicate)-us/our-heritage). They offer the silk hat roasted coffee, handcrafted beverages coffee experience products, excellence good and innovation, plus they are dedicated to produce a great coffee experience to customers. (Starbucks, 2011) The purpose of this paper is to discuss and analyze Starbucks organizational structure and the best form of organiz ational structure that best fits Starbucks with an emphasis on bloodline description and Job Specification for a Starbucks employee.I will also get word to determine the form of departmentalization that should be used, as well as whether centralization or decentralization of power should be used in light of the recent financial struggles theyve had. Lastly, I will attempt to determine which organizational configuration best fits Starbucks. Job description is defined as a formal lists of tasks and duties and Job specification is defined as a list of eligibility requirements or qualifications needed to perform a job (Reilly, Minnick Baack. 2011). These definitions will be used in creating a position for a new employee.Job Description If you love coffee and helping people than you just might be perfect for this job At Starbucks, we strive to provide a much needed service in todays busy world. At Starbucks you can learn either about different coffee beans from all over the world an d help in developing a great working team. You will be trained in what it means to thoroughly enjoy your job, the people you work with in a clean and safe environment and to enjoy working with the best coffee you can imagine. Job Specification Develop a working hold outledge of all products we offer. Maintain a clean and friendly store.Maintain a professional office and your composure should the store become busier than usual. Anticipates customer and store needs. Be Flexible with shifts and days that you can work. Starbucks should be using is departmentalization by geographic region. Starbuck locations are all over the United States. Starbucks uses a matrix configuration by combining divisional and functional structures. Divisional structure is used in multi-product or multi-market operations. Starbucks course into this structure by having so many different beverages and items on the menu.When putting out so many different items one has to specialize in those items. Starbucks tr ains their employees to greet every item inside and out. You cannot have one person who can make one drink and nit another. They use functional structure to stay nonionized activities such as coordination, supervision and task allocation. With 18,000 stores it takes many teams to stay updated of everything that is going on in the market. Starbucks hires people who specialize in marketing strategy to stay them on top of the market. The form should be changed in the stores that serve lunch because the structure of the work changes.It becomes more of a machine bureaucracy in that it is extremely routine in making drinks as well as sandwiches and salads. When you have to repeat something many times you are working like a machine. Starbucks has deconcentrate authority because they created decision-making for each manager. There are also lots of stores around the world and each store has different from the authority, managers, and customers. This also allows for employees to be able to restrain their thoughts, opinions, and ideas. If the company uses their ideas they are rewarded.It also allows for the lines of communication to stay open between employees and managers which allows for a friendly working environment. Starbucks is making sure that it is here to stay. By surround itself and its team members with the best training and communication they stand out against all competitors. Yes, other will try to stand up against the designer coffee cross out but when it comes down to it Starbucks is finding new ways to stay at the top. With being in different regions they have created an evening atmosphere where you can range in after work, with friends, after yoga, by yourself, after a long day or after a great day.The food is amazing. The wine weft is simple and smart (www. starbucks. com/coffeehouse/starbucks-stores/starbucks-evenings). Starbucks will change the structure of the business as many times as it takes to make it work for them. You never know they m ay create things that work for them that do not work for other coffee shops.REFERENCES Reilly, M. , Minnick, C. , Baack, D. (2011). The five functions of effective management. San Diego, CA Bridgepoint Education, Inc. https//starbucks. com https//starbucks. com/about-us/out-heritage.

Theories to explain narcissistic personality disorder

Theories to explain self-conceited personality disorderTheories atomic mo 18 explanations of cause-effect kindred of human phenomenon. A well- true theory presents a set of testable propositions stating the relationships of variables producing a phenomenon i.e. it should be assailable of explaining the dynamics of human behaviour.All theories of human behaviour argon non alike. They do not enjoy equal side both(prenominal) in dimensions and depth. Some ar study theories, others are mini theories, and still others are simply concepts. For example, psychoanalytic theory and reinforcement theory are major theories cognitive dissonance theory and attribution theory are mini theories and complementary theory of attraction and narcistic theory of personality disorder are simply concepts. We take up Freudian psychoanalytic theory origin.Freuds (1910, 1911) first explicit formulation of narcissism conceived it is a normal phase of increment stand midway between autoeroticism a nd object love. During this transitory period, initially diverse and unconnected autoerotic sensations were fused into what was experienced as ones body, which then become a single, unified love-object. In 1914 Freud aligned narcissism with libido theory and proposed that it ultimately matured and diffused into object relationships. Shortly thereafter he re conjecture his thinking on the developmental sequence and spoke of the autoerotic phase as the primary narcissistic condition. This first phase became the initial repository of libido from which emerged not moreover the love of ego but love in general. In time narcissism was conceived by Freud as a universal developmental process that continued by and through manners but unfolded through sequential stages. He recognized that difficulties may arise in this normal, sequential progression. First, there may be failures to advance from libidinal narcissism to object-love, and, second, peculiarities may occur in the way the perso n expresses narcissistic love. Freud (l914/ I925) described this latter difficulty as followsWe puddle found, especially in persons whose libidinal development has suffered some disturbance, as in perverts and homosexuals that in their choice of love-object they hand taken as their model not the sire but their own selves. They are evidently seeking themselves as love object and their type of object choice may be termed narcissistic. (p. 45)In this solely major study devoted only if to narcissism, Freud (1914) suggested that in certain casesnotably among perverts and homosexuals libidinal self-importance-centeredness stems from the childs touch that caretakers locoweednot be depended on to provide love reliably. Either rebuffed by their parents or subjected to explosive and erratic attention (seductive one moment and deprecating the next) these children give up as far as trusting and investing in others as love-objects. Rather than confide on the capriciousness of others or risk their rejection, these youngsters avoid the lasting attachment they achingly desire and decide instead that it is only themselves they can trust and therefore love.In smartness of current debates within psychoanalytic circles, it is important to note that the developmental origin of the term narcissism described here was only one of several concepts that Freud posited as the source of libidinal self-cathexis. Moreover, the paper was not written for the purpose of formulating all a narcissistic personality type or a narcissistic character structure. Rather, Freuds interest congeal in exploring and elaborating variations in both the development and the nature of libidinal cathexis. As far as clinical syndromes were concerned, he referred in this paper to peculiaritys observed among paraphrenics (paranoid schizophrenics), megalomaniacs, and hypochondriacs. When Freud wrote, for the first time in 1931, about narcissistic libidinal type, he described this individual as follow sThe main interest is focused on self-preservation the type is independent and not easily overawed, People of this type impress others, being personalities it is on them that their fellow men are specially likely to lean they readily assume the enjoyment of leader, give a fresh stimulus to cultural development or break down existing conditions. (p. 249)What is touch in this quote is Freuds characterization of the narcissists bearing and confidence, especially since it contrasts so markedly with the low self-esteem, feelings of emptiness, pain, and depression that certain of his recent disciples (Forman, 1975 Kohut, 1971) attribute to this personality, Disparities in characterizations lots(prenominal) as these oft quantify arise as a consequence of shifts in Freuds formulations from one period to another over his productive and long career. In this case, it can be traced to the fact that Freud identified several origins of narcissistic self-cathexis, only one of which is the typ e of parental caprice and rejection that may lead to feelings of emptiness and low self-esteem. As evident from earlier excerpts, and as by and by elaborated further, Freuds exposition of the narcissistic libidinal type, brief though it is, corresponds some(prenominal) more closely to the DSM-III portrayal of the narcissistic personality than do several contemporary characterizations that trace their antecedents to either parental rebuff or unreliability. Relevant to this issue is a Freuds view that that narcissistic self-investment is more likely to be a product of parental overestimate than of parental devaluation.Moving back somewhat to the 1920s, we find three analytically oriented theorists who addressed the concept of a narcissistic personality. Wilhelm Reich claimed to admit first formulated what he termed the phallic-narcissistic character at a Vienna Psychoanalytic Society meeting in 1926, although Waelder (1925) made reference to narcissistic personality features in a n earlier paper focusing on the mechanisms of the psychotic process.According to Kernberg (1967) narcissists present an unusual degree of self-reference in their interactions with other batch, a great need to be loved and respect by others and a curious apparent contradiction between a very inflated concept of themselves and an inordinate need for tribute from others. Their emotional tone-time is shallow. They experience little empathy for the feelings of others, they obtain very little enjoyment from life other than from the tributes they receive from others or from their own grandiose fantasies, and they feel restless and bore when external glitter wears off and no new sources feed their self regard. They look up to others, tend to idealize some people from whom they expect narcissistic supplies, and to depreciate and direct with contempt those from whom they do not expect anything (often their former idols). In general, their relationships with other people are clearly exp loitative and sometimes parasitic. It is as if they feel they have the right to control and pos weed others and to exploit them without guilt feelings, and coffin nail a surface which very often is charming and engaging, one consciousnesss icinessness and unmercifulness. really often such patients are considered to be dependent because they need so much tribute and adoration from others, but on a deeper level they are completely unable(p) really to depend on anybody because of their deep distrust and depreciation of other. (p. 655)Kernberg (1967) asserted that the haughty and grandiose constellation of behaviors that characterizes the narcissist is a defense against the projection of oral rage that, in turn, stems from the narcissists incapacity to depend on internalized good objects. In this etiologic formulation, Kernberg claimed that the experiential background of most narcissists includes chronically cold parental figures who exhibit either indifference or c distinct, but spitefully aggressive, attitudes toward their children. At the same time, the young, future narcissist is often found to possess some special talent or status within the family, such as playing the graphic symbol of genius or being the only child. This timbre of specialness serves as a refuge, at first only temporarily but ultimately an often-returned-to haven that reliably offsets the underlying feeling of having been unloved by the vengefully rejecting parent.Kernberg (1975) describes the following pointwise eleven characteristics of narcissistic personalityExcessive self absorption.Superficially smooth, appropriate and effective social adaptation covering profound distortions in internal relations with other people.Intense ambitiousness.Grandiose fantasies existing side by side with feelings of inferiority.Over dependence on external admiration and acclaim.Feelings of tedium and emptiness.Endless search for gratification of strivings for brilliance, wealth, power and beauty .Incapacity to love to be concerned or to be empathic toward others.Chronic uncertainty and dissatisfaction about oneself.Exploitativeness and ruthlessness toward others.Chronic, intense envy, and defenses against such envy e.g., devaluation, omnipotent central and narcissistic withdrawal.Kohuts ApproachKohuts (1971) views are more difficult to summarize than those of Kernberg, perhaps as a consequence of their greater originality. contempt having been written in esoteric, if not obscure, psychoanalytic jargon and having been formulated in an ingenious, if at times ponderous and tautological fashion, Kohuts work has attracted numerous disciples. Fortunately, a agree of interpreters have sought to elucidate his metapsychological assertions, which many consider among the more imaginative advances in recent analytic theory (Forman, 1975 Gedo Goldberg, 1973 Palombo, 1976 Wolf, 1976).Kohut (1971) rejects the traditional Freudian and Kernbergian thesis that narcissistic self-investment results from a defensive withdrawal of object-love attachments following a pattern of chronic parental coldness or vengeful spite. This perfect view contends that narcissism is a result of developmental arrests or regressions to earlier points of fixation. Thus, the future narcissist, according to standard analytic metapsychology, regresses to or fails to progress through the usual developmental sequence of initial undifferentiated libido, followed by autoeroticism, narcissism, and, finally, object-love. It is not the content as such but the sequence of libidinal purulence that Kohut challenges. His clinical observations have led him to assert that the primitive narcissistic libido has its own developmental line and sequence of continuity into adulthood. That is, it does not fade away by becoming transformed into object-libido, as contended by classical theorists, but unfolds into its own set of mature narcissistic processes and structures. In healthy form, for example, these pr ocesses might include behaviors such as humor and creativity correspondingly, and most significantly, it is through this narcissistic developmental sequence that the cohesive psychic structure of self ultimately emerges.Pathology in narcissistic development, according to Kohut, occurs as a consequence of failures to integrate one of two major spheres of self-maturation, the grandiose self and the regard parental image. Confronted by living shortcomings that undermine early feelings of grandiose omnipotence, or subsequently recognizing the equally illusory nature of the idealized powers they have attributed to their parents, these children must find a way to get the better of their disappointments so as not to fragment If dis phantasmed, rejected, or experiencing cold and unempathic care at the earliest stages of self-development, in effect(p) pathology, such as psychotic or fringy states, go away occur. Trauma or disappointment at a later phase willing have somewhat differen t repercussions depending on whether the difficulty centered on the development of the grandiose self or on the parental imago. In the former, the child will fail to develop the sense of fulfillment and self-confidence that comes from I feeling worthwhile and valued as a consequence, these needs will split off and result in the persistent seeking of narcissistic recognition through adulthood. Along the second line of self-development, children who are unable to idealize their parents because of the latters indifference or rejection will feel devastated, depressed, and empty. Through adulthood, they will seek idealized parental surrogates who, inevitably, will fail to live up to the omnipotent powers the narcissists hoped to find within them. In their desperate search for an ideal that is greater than themselves, they are often led to be have in a weak and self-effacing manner that will enable others to overshadow them.What is notable is that Kohuts is a developmental theory of self and not a personality characterization. Nevertheless, it leads to a clinical picture that at variance with those of Freud, Kernberg, and the DSM..III and IV. The features that emerge from Kohuts descriptions have been summarized by Forman (1975). Listed among the more prominent are (a) low self-esteem, (b) tendencies toward oscillatory hypochondriasis, and (c) feelings of emptiness or deadness.Bursten (1973) has sought to distinguish four personality variants within the narcissistic grouping, speaking of them as the craving, paranoid, manipulative, and phallic types, He refers to the craving sorting as clinging, demanding, often pouting and whining (p. 290). Those labelled paranoid narcissists correspond with general descriptions of the paranoid personality. Manipulative narcissists encompass a large segment of what are referred to as unsociable personalities in the DSM-II. The fourth subtype, phallic narcissists, describes patients who are exhibitionistic, reckless, cold, and ar rogant. In seeking to contrast borderline from narcissistic personalities, Bursten makes reference to the distinction as bearing on the tat of self. Elaborating this distinction, he speaks of the narcissistic personality as comprisinga group of people whose sense of self is sufficiently cohesive that they do not suffer from these types of fragility problems, The striking feature of this cluster of personality types centers around self-esteem, They maintain an intense interest in themselves and harbor both grandiose fantasies, albeit not to a psychoneurotic extent, and the need to associate with powerful figures, When one frustrates their vanity or their need for an ideal parent, they become dysfunctional-they suffer severe disappointment, depression, rage, and hypochondriasis, They may even have fleeting episodes of confusion, but such mental disintegration is very brief and does not have the prominence and the persistence of people whose personalities fall in the borderline clust er. To be noted, cohesiveness of their sense of self is maintained by the intensity focus on themselves. (Bursten 1973, p. 414).Drawing on Burstens conceptions of self cohesiveness, Adler (1981) elaborates further on the continuum of narcissistic and borderline personalities Borderline patients have serious difficulties in maintaining stable self-object transferences as well as a sense of self-cohesivenessPatients with narcissistic personality disorders on the swiftness end of the continuum are able to maintain self-cohesiveness, except for transient fragmentation. These fragmentation experiences can often be examined in the therapeutic situation without serious disruption Finally, patients with a narcissistic personality disorder do not experience the feelings of aloneness experienced by borderline patients.From the borderline patient capable of a serious regression at one end of the continuum to the patient with a stable narcissistic personality disorder at the other end, we can evaluate our patients, using cohesiveness of the self self-object transference stability, and the achievement of aloneness. (pp. 47-48)Coopers ApproachCooper (1984, 1988, 1989) has written extensively on different facets of the narcissistic character, describing aspects of its development, the central role of an coordinated self-image, and its intertwining with masochistic like tendencies. In each sphere, his Insights have been unnormally astute and his themes both scholarly and eloquently expressed. Speaking of the importance of an integrated self-image, Cooper (1984) writes A vital aspect of normal self-development is the achievement of an internalized, integrated self image (p.46) Different workers have referred to these integrative capacities and failures .in a variety of shipway Kohut spoke of enfeebled selves scatty cohesion, Kernberg speaks of splits in self-representations. Erikson referred to identity diffusion, and winnicott spoke of the false Self. Under many different headings, every investigator in this area has accentuate the core importance of the creation of a unified, coherent, integrated inner sense of self. (p. 47)Describing the intermeshing of narcissistic and masochistic pathology, Cooper (1989) commentsFrustrations of narcissistic strivings lead to reparative attempts to maintain omnipotent fantasies.Self esteem takes on a pathological quality when an individual begins to derive satisfaction from mastery of his own humiliations. A pattern of deriving pleasure out of displeasure has begun. This pattern provides the groundwork for the later clinical picture of . . . the injustice collector. These individuals are basically narcissistic-masochistic characters and their analysis regularly reveals that narcissistic defenses of grandiosity and entitlement are used to ward off masochistic tendencies toward repentance and self-damage. (p. 314)Taking issue with the descriptively narrow formulations of the narcissistic personality in the DSM, Cooper and Sacks (1991) offer the following commentsThe diagnostic features are a caricature not a clinical picture. The core issue is a conflict over self-esteem in defense of self-inflation. This grandiosity is more or less slender or becomes more or less pathologically unrealistic when threats to self-esteem and self-representation .are present in the form of criticism tasks beyond ones capacity, etc.These patients often have a slippery ethical system, not out of intent to exploit, but out of the need to hide flaws and keep their defects secret. Narcissistic characters also have buy at paranoid tendencies, again arising out of the need to hide imperfections. The sense of needing to feel perfect is as much a part of the picture as grandiosity, which is an overt characteristic. (p.3)Akhtar and Thomsans ApproachIn a series of particularly perceptive papers, Akhtar and Thomson (1982) have sought to bring the scattered literature on the narcissi into a multifaceted profile, includi ng their characteristic overt and covert features in six areas of psychosocial functioning. In a recent book, Akhtar (1992) indicates that narcissists appear overtly grandiose, exploitative, seductive and articulate. Covertly, however, they are doubt-ridden, envious of others chronically bored corruptible, and unable to love. Akhtars format for differentiating the overt from the covert is an extremely helpful distinction owing to the disparity that exists among many narcissists between their self-presentations and their intrapsychic doubts.Gundersons ApproachAnother important contributor in the narcissistic personality literature is Gunderson (1983 Gunderson Ronningstam, 1991, Gunderson. Ronningstam, 1991 Smith. In summarizing the features of the narcissist, he includes several criteria (Gunderson Ronningstam, 1991) Narcissistic patients are usually talented and have had sustained periods of successful academic employment, or creative achievement, This is frequently a source for their sense of superiority, It is also a reason why they are more apt to appear in mysterious practice settings than in either institutions or clinics.Narcissistically disturbed patients propounded histories in which they have reacted with hostility and suspicion to the perception of other peoples envy toward them. They believe that because of envy other peoples envy toward them. They believe that because of envy other people have set out to hurt them spoil their work, diminish their achievements, or criticize them behind their back.Feelings of devaluation/or contempt may occur toward many people but are especially evident toward anyone why they believe has betrayed or otherwise cross them. These become sustained attitudes of dislike or dismissal. (pp. 114-115)Stones ApproachAnother astute contemporary theorist. Stone (1993) further amplifies the divergent backgrounds and psychic states of the narcissist as the followingNarcissistic traits can develop, curiously, when there are d eviations from ideal rearing on either side pampering or neglecting expecting too much or too little. Excessive praise of a child . . . can give rise to . . . feelings of superiority, of being destined for importance. . . . But compensatory feelings of a similar kind can arise where there has been parental indifference and neglect, for in this situation a child may develop an exaggerated desire for greatness by way of shoring up a sense of self-worth in the absence of the ordinary parental praise. Whereas the overly praised child may regard himself as better than he really is, the neglected child may present a dual picture an outward sense of (compensatory) specialness covering an inward sense worthlessness. (p. 260)Learys ApproachTimothy Leary (1957), a disciple of Homey and others of the social and interpersonal school of thought, extended their notions to what he terms adjustment through competition. Leary speaks of this pattern as demonstrating a competitive self-confident narc issism, described in the following quotesIn its mal reconciling extreme it becomes a smug, cold, selfish, exploitive social role. In this case the adaptive self-confidence and independence become exaggerated into a self-oriented rejection of othersThe individuals feel most secure when they are independent of other peopleThe narcissist puts blank between himself and others- wants to be independent of and superior to the other one. Dependence is terrifying. (p. 332)The second group of . . . patients . . . are those whose self-regard has received a decent defeat. They often report the most colorful and fearful symptomatology . . . The superficial impression of depression or dependence is deceptive. Psychological testing or perceptive interviewing will reveal that the patients are not as anxious or depressed as they appear. What becomes evident is a narcissisticconcern with their own reactions, their own sensitivities. The precipitating cause for their entrance to the clinic is usually a shift in their life situation, which causes frustration or a blow to their pride.(p. 335)Benjamins ApproachFollowing the interpersonal perspective of Leary are a number of interpersonally oriented theorists who drafted their model of various personality disorders in highly fruitful work. Notable among this group is Benjamin (1993), who has formulated a complex analysis of the narcissistic character. In her recent work, she describes this personality as followsThere is extreme vulnerability to criticism or being ignored, together with a strong wish for love, support, and admiring compliance from others. The baseline position involves noncontingent love of self and presumptive control of others. If the support is withdrawn, or if there is any evidence of lack of perfection, the self-concept degrades to severe self-criticism. Totally lacking in empathy, these persons treat others with contempt, and hold the self above and beyond the fray. (p. 147)The narcissist expects to be apt(p) whatever he or she wants and needs, no bailiwick what it might blotto to others. This does not include active deception, but rather is a consequence of the belief that he or she is entitled. For example, the NPD would not set out to con a little old lady out of her life savings however, if she offered them, the NPD would accept such a gift without reflection about its impact on her. He/She will expect great dedication, overwork, and heroic performance from the people associated with him or her without giving any thought to the impact of this pattern in their lives. (p. 150)Beck and Freemans ApproachContributing the insightful analysis of the narcissistic personality from a cognitive point of view. Beck and Freeman (1990) provide the following proposal concerning this individuals distorted belief systemThe core narcissistic beliefs are as follows Since I am special, I deserve special dispensations, privileges, and prerogatives, Im superior to others and they should acknowledge thi s, Im above the rules.Their main strategies consist of doing whatever they can to reinforce their superior status and to expand their personal domain. Thus, they may seek glory, wealth, position, power, and prestige as a way of continuously reinforcing their superior image.Their main affect is anger when other people do not accord them the admiration or respect that they believe they are entitled to, or otherwise thwart them in some way. They are prone to becoming depressed, however, if their strategies are foiled. (Beck Freeman 1990. p. 50)Narcissistic Personality Disorder can be conceptualized as stemming from a combination of dysfunctional schemas about the self, the world, and the future. The early foundation of these schemas is developed by direct and indirect messages from parents, siblings, and significant others, and by experiences that mold beliefs about personal uniqueness and self-importance Narcissists regard themselves as special, exceptional, and justified in focusing exclusively on personal gratification they expect admiration, deference, and compliance from others, and their expectations of the future focus on the realization of grandiose fantasies. At the same time, beliefs about the importance of other peoples feelings are conspicuously lacking. Behavior is affected by deficits in cooperation and reciprocal social interaction, as well as by excesses in demanding, self-indulgent, and sometimes aggressive behaviors. (p. 238).In writing theories of narcissistic personality disorder, the stereotyped pattern was not adopted. Rather, attempt was made to present the view of clinicians, theoreticians and social thinkers. Highlights are given belowPsycho dynamically oriented theorists conclude that the narcissistic disorders are the product of emotionally unhealthy parent child relationship. The cold and callous mother/father produce a sense of rejection and unworthiness in child with he result that such a child spends his life defending himself tha t he is good and loved child and he deserves admiration and attention form all others around him.Object-relation theorists are basically psychodynamically oriented. They are as a matter of fact both derivatives and deviationists. Since they give much more importance to mother-child relationship than what is commonly given to parent-child relationship, they are described as object-relation (mother-child relation) theorists. According to object-relation theorists, negative relationship between mother-child relationship has negative impact on the growing negative personality of the child. Generally such a child develops a grandiose self-image, consequently, illusion of self-sufficiency and freedom from parental restriction is reported. Such a child is much prone to narcissistic personality tendencies.Those who give importance both to behavioral and cognitive aspects or personality development do not approve the extreme sides of child-rearing practices. They approve neither too much lo ve nor too much negligence. Extremity of approach to the child is held to be a responsible factor in the development of narcissistic disorder. In support of this proposition, first born/the only born child who is generally over-loved is said to be prone to the development of narcissistic tendencies.Socio-cultural theorists hold that in a society where freedom of living life in the way parents are living is not questioned, adolescents feel free to adopt individualistic life-pattern. In other words, narcissism is held to have link with melt interest in ones culture. That is, where individualism is preferred to collectivism, where new values are getting recognition, narcissistic lifestyle is very likely to gain strong ground.It may be summarized that articles and books have been written about narcissistic personality disorders from two opposite perspectives. The first perspective is psycho, analytic theory which suggests that personalities are compensating for inadequate middle and a pproval from their parents in early childhood (Kernberg, 1975 Kohut, 1972). The second perspective is social learning perspective (Millon, 1969, 1981) which holds that narcissistic personality disorders are the product of home life, created by parents who have inflated views of their childrens intelligence, achievements, and beauty of face, figure and complexion.

Unsustainable Tourism Essay

Unsustainable incumbranceistry EssayTourism Industry is one of the fastest growing industries in the knowledge domain. Tourism has pine been a central component of the economic, social and cultural flip that has left its imprint on the world system of cities in the past two decades (Dumond 2005 cited in Beben 20061). According to the statistics of World Trade Organization, in that respect was 693 million tourist arrivals across the globe in 2002 (Beben 2006). Moreover, WTO and the World Tourism and Travel Council announced a achievable increase in the be of tourists to close to 1 billion by the end of 2010 (Massound 2010).Mass touristry is seen as a large number of concourse participating in touristry as well as inflexible and packaged standardized holidays (Poon 1993). Starting from the 50s a new tourist demand guide to a new tip in this evolutionary transit. Tourism industry just like other Fordist industries has been supplying mint grassdy products, closelyly cons idered under the sound out of mass touristry (Conti Perelli 2004). According to Conti and Perelli (20043), Thomas Cook created the touristry packages in the 19th century as the pioneering forms of mass touristry and the opportunity for the definitive shift from the aristocratic forms of vacation to the mass mobility of workers spending their paid holidays travelling. The concept of Cookism was used in a place of Fordism to express the era of mass touristry. Others seen mass touristry as consuming places by the large number of visitors (Urry 1995). More recently mass tourism consumption gain it by has been linked to the ideas of a McDonaldization, Disneyfication or McDisneyfication of societies (Ritzer and Liska 1997 cited in Conti and Perelli 20043). The impact of those consumption patterns has been considered as the typical Fordist leading to a reduction of the cultural diversity by mean of the demand of a tourist experience that leave behind be more and more reproducing the bothday life patterns of consumption (Contti and Perelli 2004).Mass tourism is strongly linked to seasonality. The impact of schools closure for the holiday periods as well as companies work programmes and the destination specific weather conditions, all that aspects be gathering great number of tourists at the same time (Shaw and Williams 1995). in front tourism was a luxury, available mostly for higher class just now after the introduction of packaged holidays and growth of mobility and technology, travelling became more accessible for everyone.Tourism has aroused on the market as a forceful industry making replaces which have both positive and minus economic, socio-cultural and environmental impacts. The phylogenesis of tourism industry is very important for economy of the country in particular for less developed countries as it increase hostile exchange earnings and generates employment. According to UNWTO, tourism stands for 8% of employment and 9% of world-wide GDP and by the year 2019 allow provide 296 million jobs (UNWTO cited in MercoPress, 2010). Tourism cigaret have a powerful and beneficial direction for both economic and sociio-cultural change moreover at the same time it can be destroying. Do actual benefits from tourism go to the host participation? Is political sciences priority in development are to provide the needs of the tourists instead of topical anaesthetic community? The government blinded by the opportunity of the country to generate the property from the development tourism is forgetting about the negative aspects that the industry can bring. Most of the attention has been make to economic aspects of the tourism growth and environmental and socio-cultural issues have been swept out to the second plan. Although to make tourism sustainable it is very important to look at those aspects.As mentioned before tourism enables the development of the destination although, the inadequacy of own capital and a weak economy of some underdeveloped destinations makes foreign investors to manakin a new hotels that makes tourism being beneficial mostly for the developed countries. The same is with employment. It seems like tourism would give jobs to the local community but in the meantime the investors from developed countries employed the workers with a better education and abilities so the developing country stays with almost nonhing. When the development is lower than the position of a country is worse. Leakage is an amount of money that escapes from the local economy (France 1997). According to Kripperdorf(1982136), tourism planning is usually in the hands of outside promoters the local existence are regarded merely as landowners or as a reserve of labour, not as mass entitled to participate in decision making. For example, tour operators owning resorts and sending the customers to the destination which mean that local community wont benefit much from those tourists. They export food for the tourist and employ British stuff.How tourism can be sustainable if its breaking the basic rules of it. The tourism control and planning strategy is crucial in developing sustainable tourism but how can it be done if even government is closing their eyes on the unfair practices in the Tourism sector of that region. The uncontrolled tourism in Goa has a strong impact on host community who has to face the food and water shortage (Almeida 1996). Moreover, Goan has to face with electricity problems, there is a austere water shortage. The water pipeline that was originally meant for the villagers is now being utilised by the hotels. The transport too is insufficient to transport both locals and tourists (Misquita, 1996a cited in Noronha1999101). actually fast process of urbanisation has changed Goa into the concrete jungle. Police is closing their eyes on the drug fulfilled parties. Barely 10 % of Goans have benefited from tourism development, moreover, the foreign investors are buying large am ounts of lands in the region (Almeida 1996).All those examples illustrate how unsustainable tourism it is.Moreover, as suggested by mole and Wright (1977) physical impacts to the tourist destination include alterations to the inbred environment, including air, water, soils, vegetation and wildlife as well as changes to the build environment (Mathiesen and Wall 1999 38).Mass tourism affects strongly beaches, cliff-side, environment and degraded landscape. In some mass destinations ground water is in an alarmingly low level which is largely consumed by agricultural sector, by the irritation of a great number of gardens constructed due to the development of new summer houses and second homes and golf courses (Molz 20045). Also the beaches have been extended in order to meet tourist demand. The unlimited constructions and unsustainable exploitation of immanent resources go out lead to the serious environmental problems. Recreational activities organized for tourists have also stron g impact. Tourists by touching reefs when diving and snorkeling are change them. Also by the great number of boat trips tourist are disturbing marine animals. According to Kripperdorf (1982135), the mass phenomena of modern tourism have initiated the paradoxial process Tourism destroys tourism. The landscape loses its tourist value through its use, or rather over-use, by the tourist.Mass tourism is not sole(prenominal) a problem of coastal regions but also the winter season is strongly connected to mass tourism. In Alps the number of tourists doubles every 7 years (Dziedzic 1998). In Tyrol the ski slope is going through the endangered forests. Every year more than 500 hectares of agricultural land is used to make new go resorts and slopes (Dziedzic 1998). Environmental degradation destroys the meaning of existence of tourism itself. The number of tourists is growing every year. According to the World Travel report (cited in Hickman 2006) by 2020 the essential features of some of the wonders of the world will be damaged by global warming, while other resorts will let seriously overcrowded.The carrying capacity has been described as greatest number of people who can use the place without any damage to the natural resources and without degradation of the environment (Wall and Mathiasen 1999). The attrition of historical buildings and the saturation of the coasts are one of the problems were carrying capacity has been overtaken. Changes in tourist destinations are inevitable but the concept of carrying capacity has the chance to indicate the amount and the way of change and to tax to which point those changes are acceptable (Mathiesen and Wall 1999).The socio-cultural impacts are the other aspect of a great importance when looking at the changes in tourism as it strongly changes the way of life of the local communities. Mass tourism is causing displacement of indigenous population by tourists. For example in Hawaii there are about 1 million of indigenous inh abitants, which is a quarter of the whole population (Dziedzic 1998). In human relationships, the disappearing traditional hospitality is a very important aspect. Especially in the big tourist resorts, these relations were long ago converted into a commodity for sale.Kuhn (2007 cited in Hanna 2010 HHhhKKKK) argues that sustainable tourism attempts to preserve traditional cultures in a way that the western tourist deems as authentic. If sustainable tourism will lead into that direction it will not be very successful. Tourist resorts also offer its guests a more refined, but a fake version of its folklore and traditions, adapted to the stereotypical images of the visited country. According to Mathieson and Wall (1992 4) the commercialization of culture, through the marketing and sale of artefacts, may revive traditional art forms or modify them so that they are scarcely recognizable. Which in a long term might create a phony folk culture but at the same moment it can lessen breathin g unemployment problems and create more jobs.The Tourism authorities are pleased of the fact that tourism is developing in the country but some of the local communities have different opinions on that. According to Ignacio Cembrero in View from Fez (2006), the countrys Islamist party frequently rails against hotel casinos, restaurants that serve alcohol and the growing gay club fit (Ranger 2006). The tourist must accept the cultural differences of other countries. The most of Moroccans are very religious and tourist has to respect it. Even more tolerate Moroccans can become tired of tourists when seeing nudity on the beaches or tourists wearing t-shirts or short trousers in the churches. It insults their believes and rules. A lack of consideration by tourists for local norms, culture, people or the environment of tourist receiving destinations is leading to unsustainable tourism practices (Poon 1993 in Wahab and Pigram 200451). This point was also commented by Obrador et al (20093) who suggest that local cultures are seen as eroded by a homogenous inauthentic, consumer culture.Moreover, overcrowding and growth of the bad reputation of the destination by breaking ethical rules can be destructive for the destination. in that respect are many places in the world which have been spoiled by mass tourism and after the development of low cost airlines many cities has muddled their shine.As most of the products also destinations have a lifecycle. It was clearly presented by Butler (1980) in his model of lifecycle of a tourist destination. He evaluated six stages a destination goes through when tourism development takes place exploration, involvement, development, consolidation, stagnation, concluding with either rejuvenation or decline.At this stage the destination is visited by small number of tourists who are keen to explore cultural and natural beauty of the place but the number of visitors is limited due to accessibility difficulties and lack of facilities. Her e the fondness of the place yet remains unmodified by tourism. In the next stage of involvement advertising and local initiatives are seen as the element of procession of the destination which results in increase of the tourist number with the pressure on the public sector to develop infrastructure. Next step in the cycle is development in which further initiatives for development of facilities are made by national and multinational companies. In this stage the control of the public sector is necessary as the popularity of the destination and increasing number of visitors may not only be the reason of success but also cause failure and the destination may suffer a change in quality through problems of over-use and deterioration of facilities (Butler 198092). The consolidation is the next level of tourism life cycle when tourism becomes a great part of the local community. Next step of stagnation occurs when after reaching peak numbers of visitors the destination is no longer popul ar and only conservative visitors are still coming back. In this stage the environmental, economical as well as socio-cultural problems can be seen as the reason. The last stage is decline where effort is need to maintain the tourist arrivals by introducing new types of facilities like for example casinos.Prague is only one of the examples of the life cycle destination. The city has become one of the most visited cities in Europe after Czech Republic became a member of EU and after the growth of mobility (Global Travel Industry countersign 2010). This beautiful, full of historical monuments city was rejuvenated in the last two decades. The commercialization of the city took place and the old town became surrounded by souvenir vendors, Irish pubs and beer gardens losing its authenticity. Also the prices have gone up and all locals who couldnt afford been forced to move out of town. Its one of the examples when the way of making quick immediate payment has prevailed over the unspoil ed charm of the historic Prague.Mass tourism has led to the development of sustainable tourism in order to reduce negative impacts of tourism growth. Later in time the concept of Post Fordism was seen as the customers seem to acquire more power in determining market tendencies. According to Contti and Perelli (20049), this change also tend to meet the new demand for environmental friendly tourism products, being new tourists generally perceived as more educated, kindle in local communities culture and in a real interaction with the surrounding environment. Since 1980 the sustainable tourism has began to be an important issue in the tourism industry (Swarbrooke 1999). By creating a new infrastructure, hotels and businesses the employment is increasing. By travelling people have a chance to experience new cultures and traditions, although not every tourist is keen to do that and some visitors are not interested in it and ignore host communities. Sustainable tourism development is dir ected especially to create a better understanding of tourism, of how to achieve balance between economic, cultural and environmental aspects of tourism development. It is necessary to encourage people to take indebtedness for the environment. Moreover, fair distribution of tourism benefits is necessary and the bigger involvement of local community in the tourism development decisions of their region has to be improved. The sustainable tourism directs to reduce negative impact on environment by introduction of quieter, more fuel efficient aircraft to start from to maximizing economic benefits for the host community rather than the visitors countries. Mass tourism is strongly connected to the high seasonal tourism caused by the great demand of 3s tourism tourists all over the world (Bramwell 2004). That is why diversification of tourism like development of rural tourism has been developed to minimize saturation of the beaches in the high seasons and to avoid mass tourism. The develop ment of sustainable tourism in very important for the countries where tourism industry is a main element of the local economy because the traditional beach holidays will decline caused by the saturation if the mass tourism will be increasing with that speed (Swarbrooke 1999). According to Perry (2001), the climate change caused by humans will result in future modification of the climate conditions for example in the Mediterranean area, whereas the northern and western Europe climate will be improved.In 1992 on the conference in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil the first strategy document on sustainable tourism has been announced Agenda 21 as the basic economic model of tourism in XXI century (Hanna 2010). Although, the Agenda 21 has meet various criticism mostly due to its non-binding treaties allowing most of the recommendations surrounding climate change and various other cultural issues to be ignored by the international community (Hanna 2010). Nowadays, alternative forms of tourism hav e been evince but taking in account that even small group tours can be damaging the sustainable tourism is hard to get.Latest tilt of Tourism Concern came to a conclusion that all-inclusive holidays, arguably the epitome of mass-packaged tourism consumption should be banned (Farrington 1999 cited in Sharpley and Telfer 2002 304). For example Gambias tourism authorities have banned all-inclusive holidays in 1999 (Sharpley and Telfer 2002). It is an effective contribution to the development of destination. This could be a possible solution of applying sustainable tourism into a real life but it is doubtful if it would work for every country. Another alternative solution suggested by France (199789) is the development of holiday complexes which provide imitative sun-warm water environments (e.g. Center Parc villages), located at points of maximum market access which could be an exit for achieving sustainable tourism just if the great number of people would choose it instead of norm al holidays.In conclusion, the growth of tourism seems to be inevitably unsustainable. Tourism is giving employment and economic benefits but for example in the Third World countries the division of money is unequal. The powerful developed countries are always going to be stronger than less developed countries if management will not be carefully planned. So even if tourism is bringing money, it is not always bringing it to the right place. Nowadays people blinded by money forgetting about more important things like passing their tradition to the next generation by conserving it.Mass tourism is termed as a neo-colonialism which can be compared to army forces where instead of their invasion we have an invasion of the tourist influx (Dziedzic 1998). There is no solution to stop people from travelling. The great understanding of negative impacts would lead to better sustainable tourism development but this need a high number of people involved in it which is hard to accomplish as nowada ys people dont think much about the future risk related to the planet because not to go away is like not possessing a car or a nice house. It is a marker of status in modern societies (Urry 19904). There is a lack of sustainable understanding and adequate tourism control to develop sustainable tourism. Sustainable tourism will not eliminate negative impacts of tourism but it could be a way to minimize its impact. Because if the growth in mass tourism will continue as fast as it does now the global warming will be arising and some destinations will suffer unbearably high temperatures with an increase in the risk of fire. All those changes will lead tourists to changes in their holiday destinations, which not necessarily means stop of mass tourism. Tourist will continue with transport use even if they will reduce their travels, it will be still environmental damaging. All the facts are coming into conclusion that the best way for sustainable tourism would be staying at home.

Ultra High Temperature Ceramics for Thermal Protection

Ultra High Temperature Ceramics for Thermal suretyRecent Developments in Oxidation Resistance and Fracture Toughness of Ultra High Temperature Ceramics for Thermal Protection SystemsKatrin Abrahams(Dated February 3, 2015)For safer and faster space vehicles a reduction of the tipradius of the leading edges is inevitable. This leads to temperatures exceeding 2200 C which the used material has to withstand. ZrB2/ place and HfB2/ go down have suitable properties, but the oxidisation confrontation and violate hardness at high temperatures have to be cleansed. This review describes the late approaches to handle these problems that base mainly on the impr everyplace of a third material (La2O3, Gd2O3 or plumbago). The humanitarian of either La2O3 or Gd2O3 light-emitting diode to change magnitude oxidisation resistance, but the processing, the amount of additive and the testing methods have to be improved. Due to the addition of graphite akes the whirl toughness of ZrB2/ lay out (20 vol%) increased from1. INTRODUCTIONThe Thermal Protection System (TPS) of space vehicles is champion of the most serious parts of the whole vehicle 13. This protects it from the heating during re-entry. During this process the temperatures are very high, especially at the nose cone and leading edges as shown in Fig. 1. variety 1 Temperature prole of a space vehicle during reentry prepared by the NASA. The dark red colour represents the highest temperatures and the light down(p) regions are coolest parts (copied from 4).The tip of the leading edge has a radius of 10 cm, but a radius in the chuck of millimetres is wished so that piercing leading edges instead of blunt leading edges can be used 5. This would have the advantage to help reduce the vehicles drag, enhance maneuverability and performance, and as well as improve safety referable to an increased cross-range-capability 5. The problem of a smaller tip radius is that this leads to higher push through temperatures, wh ich can exceed 2000 C 6, 7. Jin et al. 8 investigated the maximum cake temperature depending on the radius of the tip using an oxyacetylene torch. Fig. 2 shows that the temperature increases from 1930 C with a radius of 1.5 mm to 2100 C with the radius of 0.15 mm.Due to the high requirements for these materials exclusively a few can be considered. Very good potential for the usage show Ultra high temperature ceramics (UHTC). These are ceramic materials with high break up points ( 3000 C), good thermal shock resistance and chemical and mechanical stability e.g. ZrB2, ZrC, HfB2 or HfC 6, 9, 10. Although the carbides have a higher mel lower-rankinging point than the diborides, their thermal conductivity is lower, which is very important because the heat on the coat has to be transported as fast as possible away 5. Therefore the main focus of look for is on ZrB2 and HfB2. The problem with these diborides is their brittleness and their oxidation at temperatures exceeding 1200 C 11. To fabricate a much ductile material fructify was added to ZrB2 or HfB2 12. Although ZrB2/ congeal and HfB2/ set on are promising materials for the usage in TPS, there are still two main problems which have to be solved. On the one hand side there is still the problem with the oxidation resistance at higher temperatures 11, 13. On the other hand the fracture toughness decreases with the temperature to rather low values which also leads to mechanical problems 14. This review gives an overview over solution attempts that have been made in the last years, with the main focus on ZrB2/SiC.2. oxidation RESISTANCEThe oxidation resistance of MeB2/SiC (Me = Zr, Hf) depends on the ratio of MeB2/SiC 10, 15, the pressure 10, 16, 17, the temperature 18, the exposure cartridge clip 19, on the processing 20, 21 and in case of the addition of additives also on their chemical structure and the amount of additive 22, 23. Considering just ZrB2, the following happens during oxidation 24The liquid B2O3 forms a protection degree for the porous ZrO2 layer, where atomic number 8 can diuse very fast and easily through. just now at 1100 C this protecting(prenominal) layer evaporates and cannot prevent the oxidation of the bulk material any more than(prenominal). The addition of SiC leads to the following additional reactions 10, 25, 26During oxidation four dierent layers can form (Fig. 3). Above the bulk material the SiC depleted zone forms, where SiC oxidizes to SiO2 which forms a borosilicate (BS) glass on the surface. This layer is porous due to the formation and evaporation of CO (Eq. (2)). Above this layer there is the oxidate layer, which consists of porous ZrO2 and the velocity layer is the Silica rich layer which consist of the BS glass, that also lls partly the pores of the ZrO2 layer. Due to the evaporation of B2O3, the protection layer is shrinking over time and shows an oxidation resistance up to 1600 C 24, 26.In general the oxidation resistance is measured by t he weightiness of the response zone under the disposed parameters of the experiment. But also the diusion coecient of O2 is important but rarely measured.2.1. Ratio ZrB2/SiCThe dependency of the oxidation resistance on the ratio of ZrB2/SiC was investigated by numerous researchers 10, 12, 15, 2729. The addition of SiC led in all cases to a reduction in grain size, a homogeneous diffusion of SiC, higher viscousness and higher minginess. Karlsdottir et al. 29 investigated not only the reactionFigure 3 Schematic demonstration of the dierent layers that form during oxidation of ZrB2/SiC and their arrangement.zone thickness but also the viscousness depending on the volume fraction of SiC. The results are shown in Table I and an increase in viscosity with the amount of SiC can be seen. This reduces the diusion coecient of O2 in the layer.Seong et al. 10 equationd ZrB2, ZrB2/SiC (20 vol%), ZrB2/SiC (30 vol%) and ZrB2/SiC (40 vol%) and measured the resulting thickness of the reacti on zone. All samples were densied by hot pressing and exhibit a homogeneous diffusion of SiC. The grain sizes were between 1.0 m and 3.0 m. They investigated the oxidation under low and high pressure and the results are shown in Figure 4. The SiC depletion layer did not form and then the reaction zone consisted only of the Silica rich layer and the oxidized zone. In business line (2104 Pa) the thickness of the reaction zone was in ZrB2 the thickest due to the absent protecting silica layer and with increasing amount of SiC the thickness decreases. The problem with high amounts of SiC (30 vol%) is, that it does not form single grains anymore, but instead a network, which leads to higher porosity. Under low pressure the behaviour is vice versa. Because the space shuttle has to deal with low and normal pressure ZrB2/SiC with 20 vol% or 30 vol% SiC is the outdo choice. Apart from the improvements of oxidation resistance due to optimization of the ZrB2/SiC ratio, at temperatures abo ve 1800 C active oxidation (Eq. (4)) of SiC takes place and this hinders the formation of the BS layer. 2.2. AdditivesTo increase the oxidation resistance at higher temperatures transition metals were added to the ZrB2/SiC matrix 21, 3032. They are suitable due to their high melting points and low reactivity with the environment 30. The transition metal cations can be enclosed in the BS layer to form a higher viscous layer that decreases O2 diusion 11. onlymore this may lead to a higher evaporation point of the protective layer so that the materials are stable at T 2000 C. This is based on an assumption, the mechanism how the transition cations interact with ZrB2 and SiC is not mum yet but in general a positive trend to higher oxidation resistance can be seen 11. Several attempts were made with numerous dierent transition metal oxides 9, 30, borides 11, 33, carbides 21, 31 and silicates 32. This review focuses on La2O3 and Gd2O3 because they are the most promising additives and introduce two dierent processing methods that effect the properties 30.2.2.1. Addition of La2O3The addition of La2O3 to ZrB2/SiC was investigated by several researchers and led to dierent results, especially various new phases were found 6, 9, 22, 23. Table II gives an overview over the composition, the processing routes to densify the material and the new phases that were discovered.Although Table II shows many dierent results, general trends due to the addition of La2O3 scorn the usage of dierent processing routes (hot pressing, spark plasma sintering (SPS)) were observed 6, 22, 23 Higher densityHigher Vickers HardnessReduction of grain sizesBesides the use of La2O3 leads to a more homogenized distribution of SiC, because it is always close to it and accordingly prevents agglomeration 9. In the case of fracture toughness there are contradictory statements Li et al. 22 measured an increased fracture toughness compared to the material without additive and Guo et al. 23 published a lower fracture toughness due to the addition of La2O3. After hot pressing at 1900 C for 60 min Li et al. 22 discovered the formation of new phases La2Zr2O7 (melting point 2295 10 C 9) and La2Si2O7 due to the following reactions2ZrO2(s)+ La2O3(s) La2Zr2O7(s) (5)2SiO2(s)+ La2O3(s) La2Si2O7(s) (6)La2Zr2O7 was also observed by Zapata et al. 6 and Jayaseelan et al. 9 but no other working pigeonholing detected the formation of La2Si2O7. The addition of 10 wt% La2O3, densied by SPS and oxidized for 1 h in air at 1600 C led to the formation of two dierent oxidized layers 9. On the surface a LaBS-glass formed (Eq. (7)), below it two oxidized layers, one consisting of La2Zr2O7 (Eq. (5)) and the other one of ZrO2.SiO2 + La2O3 La BS glass (7)The large expansion coecient of La2O3 causes lling of the pores that appear after the evaporation of B2O3 and therefore still protects the bulk material. The same composition and the same processing was used by Guo et al. 23 but they could not dete ct the new phases. Instead they found out that La2O3 reactsTable II Overview over the composition (always ZrB2/SiC (20 vol%) + the given amount La2O3), the processing route and the new phases that formed.amount La2O3 processing new phase5 vol% hot pressing La2Zr2O7 (1900 C, 60 min) La2Si2O73 vol% hot pressing La2O3-SiO2 (1900 C, 60 min)10 wt% SPS La2Zr2O7 oxidized (1600 C, 1 h, air) La-BS-glass2 wt% SPS La2Zr2O7 oxidized (1400 C, 16 h, air) La-BS-glass with SiO2 to form La2O3-SiO2 as a protective layer.Further studies were made by Zapata et al. 6 who used less La2O3 (2 wt%). Due to the proximity of the La2O3 particles to the SiC particles they are also included in the BS melt whereby this results in a higher viscosity, a higher thermal stability and in general a better protection against O2 diusion. The oxidation tests show that at 1400 C the sample with La2O3 has a better oxidation resistance but at 1500 C and 1600 C it is worse. The reason is that because of the addition of La2O3 the BS layer has a higher viscosity and therefore the ZrO2 particles cannot fall down directly to the top of the surface layer. This leads to a more homogeneous mixing with the BS melt. The oxygen diusion through ZrO2 is much easier than through B2O3 and therefore a homogeneous distribution of ZrO2 makes it easier for O2 to diuse through this layer, although the La-BS-glass has a higher viscosity due to the addition of La2O3. Moreover at 1600 C ZrOxCy and SiOxCy form with different O/C ratios which were found in the BS melt and in the oxide layer 6. This can be seen as another protection layer because when O2 diuses into the oxidation layer it go out react with ZrOxCy or SiOxCy, so it can be seen as a puer zone and it takes longer until the oxygen reaches the bulk material. HfB2 diers from ZrB2 because the formation of HfO2 is more dicult 6. Therefore a smaller amount is formed which leads to a lower amount of B2O3 and therefore a repressner protection layer compared to ZrB2. But it has the advantage that the diusion coecient for O2 through HfO2 is smaller. Another problem in the case of HfB2 is that SiC is not as homogeneously distributed as in ZrB2 and it forms large agglomerates. When these agglomerates become oxidized they leave behind a highly porous material where O2 can easily diuse through. This shows that further improvements are inevitable in a more homogeneous distribution, further analysis of the new formed phases must be made and the C/O ratio canFigure 5 Topview (a) and sideview (b) of the surface with the dimensions of the cavities for Gd2O3.oxidation layer was 15 3 m and formed in accordance with the following reaction equation 92Gd2O3(s)+2ZrO2(s) Gd2Zr2O7(s) (8)Gd2O3(s)+ SiO2(s)+ B2O3(l) Gd BS glass (9)The thickness of the layer below it was 160 m and consisted mainly of porous ZrO2 due to the oxidation and evaporation of the glassy phase. The advantage of Gd-BS-glass compared to BS glass is the higher viscosity and therefore the reduc ed diusion of O2 through this coating. At higher Gd2O3 fractions Gd stops ZrO2 particles at the glassy phase and they cannot diuse further. This leads to O2 vacancies which is the driving force for inward O2 diusion. apply a distance of 20 m between the cavities, the Gd2O3 fraction is high enough to get a higher viscosity in the BS melt but ZrO2 can still precipitate so that no O2 inward diusion occurs.3. FRACTURE TOUGHNESSIn 2009 the rst tests were made to include graphite in the ZrB2/SiC matrix 34, 35. Hu et al. 34 investigated the fraction of additive graphite to ZrB2/SiC (20 vol%). They found out that the addition of graphite led to a1high dense material with an increasing fracture toughness be optimized. But the addition of La2O3 is already a from 4.5 MPam(ZrB2 + SiC (20 vol%)) to 6.1 MPam122very promising approach for a better oxidation resistancealthough further research is necessary.2.2.2. Addition of Gd2O3For an improved surface and at the same time unchanged bulk material a new processing method was invented 11 At rst the sample was prepared and densied using the bulk material ZrB2/SiC. Afterwards they used a laser to make equal coat cavities on the surface that were lled with Gd2O3 nanopowder. The dimensions of the best sample can be seen in Fig. 5.Due to this new processing it was possible to create only a thin protection layer that consisted of BS mixed with Gd2O3 ( Eq. (9)). After 1 h in air under 1600 C the thickness of the outer (ZrB2 + SiC (20 vol% + graphite)). The dierences between 10 vol% and 15 vol% graphite were negligible small. Moreover there were investigations about the inuence of the diameter size of the graphite akes 36. They found out that in the range of micrometres the diameter size does not change the fracture toughness. Asl et al. 14 used soft graphite nano-akes. They found out that ZrB2 + SiC (20 vol%) + graphite (10 vol%) showed a higher density than the samples without graphite. Furthermore the addition of graphite led to a decrease in grain size from 6.9 m to 3.2 m. The reason is the homogeneous distribution of graphite which stop grain growth. Because of the reactions of graphite with the surface impurities the addition of graphite results in higher dense samplesZrO2(s)+ B2O3(l)+5C(s) ZrB2(s)+5CO(g) (10)The particles that form due to this reactions can ll the pores in the ZrB2/SiC matrix and therefore lead to a higher density. The resulting fracture toughness can be seen in Fig. 6. An increase in fracture toughness due to the addition of graphite is obvious. The following mechanisms led in this case to a higher fracture toughness nano-akes pull-out, crack bridging, branching and deection.1Figure 6 Fracture toughness depending on the composition of the sample at RT 14.Wang et al. 37 investigated the dependency of the fracture toughness of ZrB2 + SiC (20 vol%) +1graphite (15 vol%) on the temperature in vacuum and in air (Fig. 7). Over the whole temperature range the fracture toughness in air was hig her than that in vacuum. In vacuum the fracture toughness decreases fromThis oxidation layer densies with higher temperature and yields in higher fracture toughnesses than without this layer. That is the reason why there is nearly no decrease in fracture toughness between 1200 C and 1300 C. Moreover crack deection which absorbs the energy leads to higher fracture toughnesses at higher temperature. These mechanisms all result in a sulky decrease in fracture toughness in air than in vacuum.Figure 7 Fracture toughness depending on the environment and on the temperature 37.4. CONCLUSIONThe recent developments to improve the oxidation resistance and the fracture toughness based mainly on the addition of a third component (La2O3, Gd2O3 or graphite). Concerning the oxidation resistance, the best matrix composition is ZrB2/SiC (20 vol%) because it shows the best oxidation protection over the whole range of O2 partial pressure. Above 1800 C active oxidation of SiC begins and oxidation resis tance is not given anymore.at 1300 C because The approaches for a better oxidation resistance at higher ual thermal stresses between the ZrB2/SiC matrix and temperatures due to the addition of La2O3 or Gd2O3 arethe graphite inclusions are released. The residual stresses very promising, but more research to understand the real acted at low temperature as toughening mechanism and function of the additives and the interaction with the mawith the release of these stresses the fracture toughness trix is necessary. Furthermore there are many parameecreases.At 1300 C the group observed a brittle to ductile transformation which leads to a slight increase of fracture toughness. But afterwards the fracture toughness decreases further due to the distorted graphite and the larger ZrB2 grain sizes. In air at higher temperature the material starts to oxidize and a oxidation layer forms on the surface due to ters that have to be optimized, e.g the amount of additive, the processing route and espec ially the analytical approaches. Due to the varying experimental parameters and insucient analytical tests it is dicult to compare results. To solve this problems standard tests have to be introduced and a wider temperature range for oxidation has to be investigated.The fracture toughness increased due to the addition ofEq. (1), (2) and the following reactiongraphite from 4.5 MPamto 7.1 MPam creases, but also this is slowed down due to the graphite tives, because extensive testing of the dierent samples akes. is missing. Especially tests under real atmospheric and Taken into account the oxidation resistance and the frac-re-entry conditions are important but not done yet. ture toughness it is dicult to announce the best addi

How Would You Resolve an Ethical Problem at Work? Essay -- Business Et

Describe an ethical problem you have encountered or might encounter in your workplace. How would you approach the problem and reach a decision to operate it? Business ethics defines how a company integrates core values - such as honesty, trust, respect, and fairness - into its policies, practices, and decision-making. Business ethics is, in part, the attempt to think clearly and deeply about ethical issues in business and to arrive at conclusions that are supported by the strongest possible arguments. Ethical principles are the rules of conduct that extract from ethical values. For example, honesty is a value that governs behavior in the form of principles such as tell the truth, dont deceive, and dont cheat.In a business the ultimate goal is to achieve maximum profits. There are factors affecting at different levels of the business such as finance, technology, labor, and work flow in order to maintain excellence and growth of the company. In this paper, I want to demonstrate wha t ethical issues I faced working as a team leader for my company and how I approached the problems in order to solve it and made decisions and solutions without disturbing the environment of the workplace.Team leaders must master a broad range of business talents and also qualities such as team leadership, setting up weekly goals and must provide their organizations with the strategies, structures, and personnel to compete in a constantly changing environment. There can be a number ...