Child Abuse Saddest and Most Tragic Problem Today

Child Abuse: Saddest and Most Tragic Problem Today Child abuse is one of the saddest and most tragic problems in America today. Each year an estimated one to two million American children are being beaten, neglected, or sexually abused by their parents or guardians. Infants only a few days old as well as teenagers are subject to child abuse. There are four types of child abuse: physical abuse, physical neglect, sexual abuse, and emotional abuse. Child abuse is a serious problem that plagues America s youth and should be stopped. Physical abuse is a form of child abuse that should be stopped as soon as possible. According to social agencies, beatings of children have multiplied over the past twenty years. Physical abuse†¦show more content†¦Sexual contact is the intentional touching of the victim s intimate parts, whether on top of or underneath of the victim s clothing, if that intentional touching can be reasonably interpreted as being for the purpose of sexual arousal or satisfaction. Sexual penetration includes oral sex, anal intercourse, or any intrusion, no matter how insignificant, of any part of a person s body or object into the genital or anal openings of another person s body. Sexual abuse may also include child pornography, child prostitution, or exposure of children to sexual acts or materials depicting sexual acts. Emotional abuse includes verbal assaults, ignoring and indifference, or constant family conflict. It also includes punishments like locking the child in a dark closet. Sometimes such behaviors can cause serious mental disorders. If a child is degraded enough, the child will begin to live up to the image that is being communicated by the abusing parent or caretaker. This type of abuse is the hardest kind to notice because it leaves no bruises. A child who is emotionally abused may seem withdrawn, or act out frustration by abusing other children, animals, or belongings. Child abuse is a serious problem that plagues America s youth and must be stopped. Physical abuse and physical neglect canShow MoreRelated Child Abuse and Neglect Essay2083 Words   |  9 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Child abuse is the â€Å"saddest and most tragic problem† in the United States today (Child Abuse). Every year more than 3 million reports of child abuse are made in the United States involving more than 6 million children. Victims range from ages of a few weeks to late teenage years.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While most child abuse cases are not fatal, some do end in death. Some researchers have even labeled child abuse an â€Å"epidemic.† Because more than fifty percent of child abuse cases are not reported, the exactRead MoreIntroduction : How ve He Do That?10829 Words   |  44 Pagesis a formula that many great writers utilize in their books to help them with their characters just like great mathematicians do to help them solve their complex calculations. As expected this â€Å"QUEST† formula is followed in most, if not all, of the literary works around today. Of course it may be more obvious in certain works than in others but it’s still present and in use if spotted by an avid reader’s eye. Take for example one of my favorite renaissance novels: Don Quixote by the one and only

Equal Employment Opportunity and Employee Rights Review Paper Free Essays

Equal Employment Opportunity and Employee Rights Review Paper Klista Odgers HRM/300 University of Phoenix Online October 29, 2012 Dwight Walker Introduction In the face of rising technology, globalization, and productivity some workers find themselves at a disadvantage to their efforts to retain employment. To prohibit discrimination, the United States has governed laws that protect the citizens from all types of discriminations. This allows organizations to focus on promoting employment based on a person’s abilities. We will write a custom essay sample on Equal Employment Opportunity and Employee Rights Review Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now The two laws chosen for review are the Pregnancy Act of 1978 and Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993. We will also discuss Drug-Free Workplace Act of 1988. Provide a General summary of each Law The Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978, was an amendment of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that prohibited sex discrimination on the basis of pregnancy (â€Å"U. S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission†, 2012). That section 701 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is amended and states the terms â€Å"because of sex† or â€Å" on the basis of sex† include, but not limited to, because of or on the basis of pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions (â€Å"U. S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission†,). The act states women affected by the above terms shall be treated the same for all employment-related purposes. Next, is Family and Medical Leave Act of1993, entitles employees of covered employers to take unpaid, job-protected leave for specified family and medical reasons with the continuation of group insurance coverage under the same terms and conditions as if the employee had not taken leave. The final summary describes the Drug-Free Workplace of 1988. This act requires certain related groups to make sure that their workplace is drug free. The importance of this act is that it ensures the safety of all employees by ensuring that no one will be working under the influence of drugs. For each selected law or issue, locate a present-day court case The Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 Months ago, a statement was made by a contributor for the Presidential Campaign, suggesting that there is no reason why business owners should be obligated to provide any special provision to the medical health plan in the workplace for female comprehensive insurance plans for contraceptive. This individual felt as if the Federal Health Care Reform Law was not necessary, but the Institution of Medicine, researched and found that access to contraceptive is vital to a woman’s health, and as August 2012, women are able to file Temporary Disability, at work after giving birth or during pregnancy. They can ask for special accommodations because of this medical condition, and the employer must provide insurance which covers any related issues to reproduction. Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 The Supreme Court ruled Tuesday that states cannot sue under the Family and Medical Leave Act for refusing to give an employee time off to recover from an illness. One justice said the decision â€Å"dilutes the force â€Å"of the law that allows millions of working Americans time off to care for sick family members or to have children. Daniel Coleman asked for a 10-day medical leave to deal with hypertension and diabetes in 2007, and said he was wrongfully fired after his request was denied. He sued for $1. million in damages under the Family and Medical Leave Act, but his lawsuit was thrown out, with the 4th U. S. Circuit Court of Appeals saying states could not be sued under the FMLA (the Huffington post). Drug Testing Currently, in the state of Florida the Federal Appeals court is battling arguments of a judge ruling against the idea that the government would violate the rights of the citizen of Tallahassee, by requiring any individual wham applies for public assistance benefit s would have to adhere to drug test prior receiving any public assistance. The district judge thinks that individual whom receive assistance already provide a wide range of information in order to participate in the program, and by asking them to submit to a drug screen in order to receive benefits in an invasion of privacy and violates the constitution’s reasonable search ban. This case is currently being heard in Atlanta, Georgia, all because of a Navy Veteran, former college student, whom is a single parent applied for benefits back in 2011, meet the requirements of the program but felt it would be an result to be asked to participate in random drug screens in lure of help. The following media publicity of this case has implemented the state if Florida employees to be required to do drug testing. What are the implications for HR department in managing the employer-employee relationship in the contest of the law or issue? Within the workplace, the HR department has to deal with conflict issues that arise between employees and employers. Because employment relationships are so complex and depending on the different types of situations that can arise, there are employment laws that are in place to protect the employer and employee. Important HR laws include the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), Title VII, Age Discrimination (ADEA, Equal Pay Act (EPA, 1866 Civil Rights Act, Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA), Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), ADA- Public Accommodations, Executive Orders 11246 11478, Drug-Free Workplace Act, National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), Byrnes Act, Worker Adjustment Retaining Act (WARN), Rights of Servicemen (USERRA), Occupational Safety Health Act (OSHA), Immigration Reform Control Act (IRCA), Health Maintenance Organization Act (HMO), Employee Retirement Income security Act (ERISA), Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (COBRA), Health Insurance Portability (HIPPA), New Hire Reporting, Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA), Fair Credit Reporting Act (FACRA), Federal Bankruptcy Code, Jury Systems Improvement Act, Employee Polygraph Protection Act, and Export Administration Act of 1977. For each law or issue, write an example that shows compliance with the laws or ac ts discussed. Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 An eligible employee is entitled to take unpaid maternity leave if the employee is for work because of: 1. Pregnancy-related illness or 2. Preparation of birth of a child Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 Twelve workweeks of leave in a 12-month period for: 1. The birth of a child and to care for the newborn child within one year of birth 2. The placement with employee of a child for adoption or foster care and to care for the newly placed child within one year of placement. 3. To care for the employee’s spouse, child, or parent who has a serious health condition 4. A serious health condition that makes the employee unable to perform the essential functions of his or her job 5. Any qualifying exigency arising out of the fact that the employee’s spouse, son, daughter, or parent is covered military member on â€Å"covered duty 6. Twenty-six workweeks if leave during a single 12-month period to care for covered service member with a serious injury or illness if the eligible employee is the service member’s spouse, son, daughter, parent, or next of kin (military caregiver leave). Drug-Free Workplace Act When it comes to drug-free workplace, human resources have policies to ensue employees, vendors or customer is not using alcohol or drugs. It is crucial for this department to be firm to their procedures to ensure this does not happen during work time. Some of the implications for HR departments in managing the employer-employee relationship are to have a zero tolerance for drugs and alcohol. In conclusion with all the laws against discrimination there are still people that are being discriminated against. The laws have helped in the workplace and for many people to have a safe workplace and place they can work with being afraid of being fired because of their race, color, sex, religion, or age. Reference: Holland, Jesse J, Supreme Court Makes Ruling in Maryland Sick-Leave Case. Retrieved October 28, 2012 from www. huffingpost. com Saunders, j; â€Å"News Service of Florida†: retrieved October 29, 2012; from Ledger. com Likert, R. , 1932 â€Å"Studies in the principles of judgments and attitudes† How to cite Equal Employment Opportunity and Employee Rights Review Paper, Papers

Chinese Portrayals Destinations -Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Analyze for the Chinese Portrayals destinations which are in National Geographic. Answer: Introduction The development of the Chinese tourism in the past decades has been improving, with the focus on how there is a portrayal of the Chinese destinations. The research is on the methods that are displayed in National Geographic magazines with the alert that works on evaluating the effectiveness. The tourism is important where the travellers flying the different destinations. There are different dimensions for the foreign destinations like the representation in the article through the landscape, culture, recreation and the services. The effectiveness is based on handling the oriental culture and the exotic landscape with the rapid development of the economy in China. (Jia, 2010). Qualitative Content Analysis For the individuals who appreciate the effectiveness in the photograph can understand the power and the depth with the huge force of communication. There are times when the sky has turned re with the sword of the lighter flew out of the sea. The great crack opened along with the waterfront which tend to collapse the buildings as well. According to the analysis of the grounded theory, the research has been on the methods to draw the questions about the data. There are other research techniques which are related to the objective, systematic and the qualitative forms where the analysis is on the data and the sampling with operational procedures that reduce the communication. (Ayad et al., 2013). The review is based on the photograph measurement methodologies where the qualitative techniques and the content analysis. The free elicitation and the open-ended questions, focus groups and the in-depth interviews are important with the category set with the content analysis with the promotional materials. Research Questions: Question 1: How many articles are related to the portray the Chinese travelling destinations with the dimensions set under National Geographic? Question 2: How the foreign travelling destination portray the Chinese travelling with landscape and recreation? Question 3: What are the trend of the article with the foreign travel destinations in the National Geographic forms with the dimensional aspects set from the years 1980 to 2015? For examining the trend of the coverage, the Chinese destinations are set with the frequency analysis, with which it is important for the consistency to cover the stories along with the Chinese destination. The focus is on the graphics that the categories are used on the photos in National Geographic for the readers to understand the geography. (Fursich et al., 2001). Patterns The research is about the conducting of the different portrayals of the Chinese destinations in the different magazine with no researcher who has provided any empirical data on the dimensions. The stronger standing is based on the increased amount of the international travels where there is proactiveness on the foreign travel destinations and integrated campaigning. It includes the research over the tourism practitioners with the idea of setting the current situation of the portrayals of the Chinese destinations. Variables: Cultural Photographs: These are for the photographs that show the cultural aspects of the travelling destination. Landscape Photographs: It shows the natural beauty with the series that is set under the travelling destination. Service Photographs: This is for the travellers who are included in the exotic local events with the travelling destination. Recreation Photographs: It is for the attraction and the recurrence. Themes The Chinese tourism has a major focus on the educational tourism market with the development and the emphasis on the teaching and the learning of the education. National Geographic focus on the Reform and Opening Up in 1978, in China, where there is a proper development and benefitting from the policy which includes the China inbound tourists and foreign currency revenue. With this, there are other forms of the decisions that are important for the economic and the regional growth. (Cohen et al., 2012). The tourism is important for the making of the final destinations where there are new portrayals of the other counters over the last few decades. The tourism is the main party for the lifestyle with the different articles on the news media where the foreign new is getting lesser coverage. The travel sections are playing an important role in the content of the lifestyle with the increased demands of the tourists. The competition is mainly on the national development with the promotional aspects of the travelling destination. The cultural, landscape, service and the recreation theme is based on the traveling stories with the UK newspapers that concentrate mainly on the recreational aspects. (Gallarza et al., 2002). The destination photograph themes which is hard to define with the complexity and multidimensionality factors. It is found hard to assess and involve the invisible elements which varies depending upon the people where the images are important than the other tangible resources. The perceptions are there rather than the realities where one motivates the consumers to act or not to act. The dimensions are based on the destination portrayals with the tourism scholars. The development of the analytical framework is set through the destination marketers to assess the travelling storied where one tends to value them. Biases The biases are related to the destination image with the subjective perception and the behaviour to handle the repeating visits with the satisfaction and destination image. The forms of the information sources are important for the destination promotion where the destination image could easily be set through the information sources, experiences and the distribution. The photographs are main visual representation tool with image formation that includes the technology advancement and the tourism, photographs that are used. The photographs are important for the active signification on the media makers selection, structuring and then shaping what is going to be registered. (Gossling et al., 2009). The photographs are used in the different channels with the imagery tourism, that includes the brochures and the booklets with the serving over the preliminary source for the understanding of the forms, and the process of the photographic representation. The crucial role is for the destination portrayals with the positions that includes the higher quality photos, with the major focus on the in-depth reporting, and the meticulously edited stories. The use of the photographs in magazines is set with certain destinations that is featured depending upon the oriental culture and exotic landscape. Meanings The photographs are important for the portrayal dimensions where there is conceptual framework that are for examining the variations. There are researches about the education of the people with the forms that include the leadership in the photographic technology. The major purpose of the content analysis is based on the cultural themes with the landscapes, services, recreation and nature themes. The unit of the analysis consists of the circumstances that is used under the foreign travel destinations, which contain the photographs and the themes that are sorted and portrayed in the travel. The validity is based on the coding process with the guarantee on the dimensions depending upon the validity functions with the treatment of the systematic formats. The reliability is mainly set to make sure the number of the errors along with placing the content that needs to be examined. (Cochrane, 2007). The sampling frame is set with the data processing and the analysis that is set under the res earch for the Chinese students who tend to put into the travelling stories under the wrong categories. This comes with the cultural and the natural perceptions, where the review is about the number of the photos, regions and the other variable formats. The formats are set under the treatment of the normalised variables which includes the higher operational definitions. Conclusion With the changing times, the world has been progressively visual where the people are trying to be reliant on the images with the characteristics set for the human concerns and the discoveries. The approach is also to educate and inspire the readers with the result to hope for providing the window of intricacy. The theories of motivation with the future research is in the niche of communication, where the message is set for the leads in the story. The research is with the different themes and the relationships which are found mainly in between the various types of the photographs. Hence, it will also allow to lead and be significantly be able to handle the imbalanced proportion of the texts. Reference Ayad, T.H.A.E.L. and Shujun, Y., 2013. Perceived Egypt's destination image by Chinese university students.African Journal of Business Management,7(41), p.4288. Cochrane, J. ed., 2007.Asian tourism: Growth and change. Routledge. Cohen, E. and Cohen, S.A., 2012. Current sociological theories and issues in tourism.Annals of Tourism Research,39(4), pp.2177-2202. Frsich, E. and Kavoori, A.P., 2001. Mapping a critical framework for the study of travel journalism.International Journal of Cultural Studies,4(2), pp.149-171. Gallarza, M.G., Saura, I.G. and Garca, H.C., 2002. Destination image: Towards a conceptual framework.Annals of tourism research,29(1), pp.56-78. Gssling, S., Hall, C.M. and Weaver, D. eds., 2009.Sustainable tourism futures: Perspectives on systems, restructuring and innovations. Routledge. Jia, Y., 2010. Analysis and suggestions on Chinese industrial tourism development.International Business Research,3(2), p.169

Jeffersons Pillow Essay Example

Jeffersons Pillow Essay Who were the founders of America? When one thinks of the words ;founding fathers;, thefirst thing that should come to mind are national figures like George Washington, James Madison, George Mason and Thomas Jefferson. Although these men are founders of America, they were also founders of a social institution that would be embedded in American life for hundreds of years. This social institution is otherwise known as slavery. In the book Jefferson;s Pillow by Roger Wilkins, Wilkins discusses the real truth about the founders and the founding of the nation. The standard story about the founding of the nation has been told millions of times, but there is always one major part of the story that is left out. The voices that are never heard are the voices of blacks in the society of the new nation. The pages of millions of history books are filled with the success of whites, but there always seem to be blank pages that should contain the story of the contribution of blacks. This fact upsets many blacks today and ultimately results in the death of black patriotism. The idea that blacks never existed is due to the fact that Washington, Madison, Mason, and Jefferson were trying to erase history while they were writing it. In order for blacks to gain patriotism and ;to understand who we are, we must probe more deeply into who these four [men] were.;(Wilkins 10) George Washington is known as thefirst father of the country, but should really be thought of as thefirst man to erase the writing on the blackboard. He was a man of many advantages and great success. Washington is always applauded and praised for the work he did for the country, but many do not know or choose to ignore the other side of this man. His other side was faced with a struggle dealing with ideas on slavery. For example, Washington desperately needed men to fight, but refused to let the twenty percent of the black population fight. It is natural

Free Essays on Educational Philosophy

, and then obviously thought it was important enough to pass along. Every bit of knowledge that gets passed on has the bit of influence from the person who passed it. Thus we get to the evolutionary stage we are at today. We would never be here if it weren’t for teachers and students learning and passing along their knowledge. My beliefs about students: â€Å"There are no bad students only bad teachers.† (unknown) I love this quote. It really only applies through elementary school, and perhaps middle school, but it is part of the reason I want to teach. In the formative years, a good majority of students really do not like the school aspect of school. It makes the teachers job all the more difficult, but also all the more rewarding! It is so important to â€Å"sell† the subject. Make learning fun, and children want to participate in it, so it will hopefully stick with them forever. At the same time â€Å"everyone is different in their predispositions to learn and grow.† (Parkay and Stanford 2002, 86) My beliefs about knowledge: I would use the â€Å"knowledge is power† quote, but I bet half the class is going to, so I won’t expand to much on it, it is a given. I will however expand on the idea that knowledge does no one any good, if only one person has it. Knowledge must be shared. It is such a wonderful thing, and really the only thing that keeps a society moving forward. A perfect example of this and really touching story is that of Oral Lee Brown. In 1987, this California native decided to extend an offer to a... Free Essays on Educational Philosophy Free Essays on Educational Philosophy My Educational Philosophy My beliefs about learning and teaching: Teaching is learning is teaching. Education is definitely a cycle. In almost every situation I can think of, you are either teacher or learning or a bit of both. The cyclic part comes into play, when you pass on the knowledge you at one point were taught. It marinated in your head for however long, you put it into your own words, and then obviously thought it was important enough to pass along. Every bit of knowledge that gets passed on has the bit of influence from the person who passed it. Thus we get to the evolutionary stage we are at today. We would never be here if it weren’t for teachers and students learning and passing along their knowledge. My beliefs about students: â€Å"There are no bad students only bad teachers.† (unknown) I love this quote. It really only applies through elementary school, and perhaps middle school, but it is part of the reason I want to teach. In the formative years, a good majority of students really do not like the school aspect of school. It makes the teachers job all the more difficult, but also all the more rewarding! It is so important to â€Å"sell† the subject. Make learning fun, and children want to participate in it, so it will hopefully stick with them forever. At the same time â€Å"everyone is different in their predispositions to learn and grow.† (Parkay and Stanford 2002, 86) My beliefs about knowledge: I would use the â€Å"knowledge is power† quote, but I bet half the class is going to, so I won’t expand to much on it, it is a given. I will however expand on the idea that knowledge does no one any good, if only one person has it. Knowledge must be shared. It is such a wonderful thing, and really the only thing that keeps a society moving forward. A perfect example of this and really touching story is that of Oral Lee Brown. In 1987, this California native decided to extend an offer to a... Free Essays on Educational Philosophy The five educational philosophies; idealism, realism, pragmatism, reconstructionism, and existentialism all share similarities and differences. Each philosophy gives us a different insight on how we should educate students. They have different teaching methods and different curriculum. Each philosophy has its pros and cons and from our class exercise, we can see that different philosophies apply to different people. To me, realism makes the most sense and because of that, it will be the basis of my assignment. The main educational philosophies of our time were created by Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates saw teaching as a cooperative art. The teacher was not to lecture and teach the student as they do now; instead. the teacher was to merely assist the student in his creation of knowledge and ideas. This is done by having discussions with the student in which both the student and teacher learn. The student is to always learn actively and their understanding is to come from their gaining of insight. Plato, on the other hand believed that knowledge was simply the recalling of things we knew before birth. In other words, we do not need to experience things in order to learn them. They come to us naturally just as our sense or right or wrong does. Plato believed that knowledge gained by rational thought was better than knowledge gained by the sense because our senses could sometimes deceive us. The highest form of this knowledge, according to Plato, was that of â€Å"the Good† which is the source is all other knowledge. Aristotle, like myself, was a realist. He believed in gaining knowledge by the use of the senses. He disagreed with Plato’s belief that human beings were born with innate knowledge. Instead, they must use their senses to understand the things around them. Realism is predominantly based on gaining knowledge through fact-gathering, observing, measuring, skills development, accountability, and experimenta...

Add math project

Obesity can lead to various health problems. My school has decided to carry out a â€Å"Healthy Lifestyle Campaign† with the aim to create awareness among students about obesity-related health problems. The Body Mass Index (BMI) gives an indication of the physical state of person as being underweight, normal, overweight or obese. BMI can be calculated by using the following formula: BMI = History Body Mass Index (BMI) The body mass index (BMI), or Quetelet index, is a measure for human body shape based on an individuals mass and height. It was devised between 1830 and 1850 by the Belgian polymath Adolphe Quetelet during the course of developing â€Å"social physics†. At first BMI was used by epidemiologists in studies of population health, but was quickly adopted by doctors who wanted a quick and easy way to measure body fat in their patients. By 1985, the National Institutes of Health began defining obesity according to body mass index. At first, the thresholds were established at 27. 8 for men and 27. 3 for women. Then in 1998, the NIH consolidated the threshold for men and women even though the relationship between BMI and body fat is different by sex and added the category of overweight. The new, drastically lowered thresholds were now 25 for overweight and 30 for obesity. Body mass index (BMI) is defined as the individuals body mass divided by the square of their height. The formulae universally used in medicine produce a unit of measure of . A frequent use of the BMI is to assess how much an individuals body weight departs from what is normal or desirable for a person of his or her height. The weight excess or deficiency may be accounted for body fat although other factors such as muscularity also affect BMI significantly. Who regards a BMI of less than 18. 5 as underweight may indicate malnutrition, eating disorder, or other health problems, while a BMI greater than 25 is considered overweight and above 30 is considered obese. These ranges of BMI values are valid only as statistical categories BMI Category below 18. 5 Underweight 18. 5 24. 9 Normal Weight 25 29. 9 Overweight 30 and above Obese BMI can also be determined using a BMI chart, which displays BMI as a function of mass (horizontal axis) and height (vertical axis) using contour lines for different values of BMI or colors for different BMI categories. A graph of body mass index as a function of body mass and body height is shown above. The dashed lines represent subdivisions within a major class. For instance the Underweight classification is further divided into severe, moderate, and mild subclasses. Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health. It is defined by body mass index (BMI) and further evaluated in terms of fat distribution via the waist–hip ratio and total cardiovascular risk factors. BMI is closely related to both percentage body fat and total body fat. In children, a healthy weight varies with age and sex. Obesity in children and adolescents is defined not as an absolute number but in relation to a historical normal group, such that obesity is a BMI greater than the 95th percentile. The reference data on which these percentiles were based date from 1963 to 1994, and thus have not been affected by the recent increases in weight. Obesity is another term for excess body fat. Normal body fat percentages range from 18%-23% in men and 25%-30% in women. Men with body fat percentage greater than 25% and women with a body fat percentage greater than 3% are considered obese. Obesity occurs when intake of calories exceeds the daily caloric requirement. The National Institute of Health (NIH) classifies obesity as a chronic disease, which requires a lifelong effort. If an individual has excess body fat can be determine by various methods. These methods include body density using underwater body weight, dual x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), measuring skin-fold thickness, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The DEXA test and weighing an individual underwater are most accurate methods, although they can be expensive, time consuming and are not always practical. The two most common methods for measuring a person’s excess body fat are using a weight-for-height tables and body mass index (BMI) measurement. The weight-for-height tables provide a range of acceptable weights for a person of a given height. There are many versions of these tables with different weight ranges, which limit their use. Because of variability of these tables, BMI has become the measurement of choice for many doctors and researchers. BMI is calculated using a mathematical formula that accounts for a person’s height and weight. BMI is equal to a person’s weight in kilograms (kg) divided by height in meters squared (BMI=). Aim The aim of this project work is to investigate the relationship between height, weight and BMI with students’ health condition. The purpose of this campaign is to create awareness among students about obesity or underweight related to health problems. We should select an appropriate balanced diet to avoid from being a victim to such illness. Nutritional guidelines play an important role in helping us to make informed choices about our nutrient intake. The foods that constitute a balanced diet should contain the major nutrients which include carbohydrates, proteins and lipids, as well as vitamins, minerals, water and dietary fibre. A balanced diet is essential for the healthy growth and development of the body. The objectives of carrying out this project work are: 1 To collect data on the heights and weights of students. 2 To calculate BMI of each students. 3 To represent data using various methods. 4 To relate students’ knowledge with the data obtained. 5 To suggest ways to practice healthy lifestyle. The methods of research are as follows: 1 To obtain the height, weight and BMI of 50 students in Form 1 and 50 students in Form 5. 2 To tabulate the data consisting the height, weight and BMI of this 100 students. 3 To convert the data and represent it using three different statistical graph. 4 To find the mean, mode and median of BMI for the 50 students from each group of students. 5 To calculate the variance and the standard deviation of BMI for this students. Statistic : Finding mean, mode and median of ungrouped data and grouped data. Finding interquartile range, variance and standard deviation of ungrouped data and grouped data. Finding gradient according to the data. Mean Mean for ungrouped data: Adding up all the values in a set of data and sum in then divided by the number of values, we shall obtain the mean of the set of data. Hence if

Communication in the Work Environment Assignment

Communication in the Work Environment - Assignment Example An example of this type of problem can be seen when a worker discovers that a piece of equipment is not working up to standard even though expectations have been clearly outlined that are need of that piece of equipment working at its optimum. Effective communication can be lost as the worker tries to explain the problem and the manager is only hearing excuses as to why expectations cannot be met. Failures in communications can result in strained relationships between managers and workers as information is not given or processed correctly. Management Style The way in which workers and managers communicate with one another is often defined by the management style that a manager will adopt. The type of leadership that is established will have an effect on how a worker responds and is able to communicate to the manager. As well, the way in which an individual has experienced speaking with leadership will also have an effect on how they can communicate to a manager. Communications styles develop long before an individual enters the workforce, but they can be trained in order to provide for more effective communications (Young, 2009). Often times it is a lack of communications training that will position a worker so that are unable to give information to an employer. There are four basic types of management that will affect the way in which communication develops between a manager and an employee. The four types are autocratic, paternalistic, democratic, and laissez-faire. In an autocratic type of management, information is proprietary and all decisions are made by the manager. A paternalistic manager will make decisions upon the basis of what is best for the employees. Through good relationships with employees, this type of manager acts as a guardian for their interests. In a democratic style of management the manager will allow employees a voice in the decision making process with discussions and a fairly free flow of information allowing for some equality within the groups and teams of the organization. In the laissez-faire form of management, the manager avoids his responsibilities and the employees end up picking up duties without any form of true organization (PM4DEV, 2007). An autocratic leader is one which leads through closing off his position from those under them so that it is difficult to communicate. In this type of leadership fear often develops because of the proprietary nature through which information is withheld. Employees will not be sure that the information that they are trying to communicate fits into the situation where little top down communication as occurred. A paternalistic manager might also see the same kind of reluctance from employees as they do not want to cause friction or issues with a leader who has become a friend or has been seen to be acting in the employees’ best interests. The democratic style of management allows for the best potential for good communications as the leader has formed relationship s with the employees but is still actively managing the business. Teamwork allows for a free flow of information so that employees understand the relevance of the information that they may choose to impart. Laissez-faire styles of management usually accompany a complete breakdown as the manager has specifically shown that they are not interested in the work and goals that need to be accomplished. It is clear that communication is best developed through management that includes building a

Argumentative research paper by pass surgery Essay

Argumentative research paper by pass surgery - Essay Example This paper addresses the argument while presenting substantial evidence on the importance of nursing staff in early recovery of bypass surgery patients. Nurses play a substantial role when it comes to surgery, because the slightestnegligence from the medical staff can actually lead to significant consequences including respiratory issues, infections, etc. Nurses have training and medical education to perform this task with unprecedented expertise(Lord, 2006). The counterarguments are also refuted on the basis of the fact that increased surgery cost is not associated with the nursing staff; rather, it has a direct link with the hospital’s management and policies which should be revised with strong government intervention. Argumentative Research Paper: Bypass Surgery Introduction Bypass surgery is done in order to facilitate the flow of fluids and remove excess body materials. The term is generally known for coronary artery bypass graft which is an open-heart surgery primarily d one to fix the blocked arteries going towards the heart. Heart issues and the related treatments have always been a part of medical practice, but surgeries have gained importance only in the 20th century (Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery, 2010). It has another type which is related to the weight loss, i.e.,gastric bypass surgery. When exercise and other medicines do not work in reducing weight and on the other hand, excessive weight increases the risks of other diseases, then gastric bypass removes excess fat from the body (Staff, 2011). Undoubtedly, bypass surgery is one of the most critical surgeries in medical treatments which do not only require an efficient group of medical doctors but also needlong-term support and facilitation by the nursing staff. Postoperative care of patients, either in the case of heart bypass or gastric bypass, is always a very challenging job for nurses, therefore they bear the greater responsibility of patients’ early recovery. Bypass surgeries do not always provide health benefits and sometimes they prove to be hazardous for the patients’ well-being if sufficient care is not provided (Lord, 2006). Thesis Statement Bypass surgeries are often related to severe adverse effects which might show up later in life. These affects can be easily controlled with the help of nursing staff and regular follow-up with doctors. However, a group of individuals comprising surgeons and patients believe that the role of nurse in bypass surgery is very limited and hence it only results in increasing the overall treatment cost. On the contrary, the other prevailing concept is that nurses play a vital role in patient care, which ultimately results in early recovery, and therefore they must not be neglected (Hughes, 2008). Considering the role of nursing staff in bypass surgeries, the following thesis statement is formulated, which argues and defends the role of nurses: â€Å"Bypass surgeries such as coronary heart bypass and gastric bypas s strongly require trained nursing staff apart from the team of surgeons and doctors.†

Notes on Cry Essay Example for Free

Notes on Cry Essay The dance’s intent is to portray the struggle strength of the African American women who were in the slave trade; how women so enslaved trapped can still manage to be so free. â€Å"I heard about lynching’s, Having that kind of experience as a child left a feeling of rage in me that I think pervades my work† Alvin Ailey. â€Å"She rises again to wear the cloth as a shawl, then steps on its ends as if bound by it to the ground†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"The final posture mirrors the opening posture of the dance, suggesting a cyclical inevitable progression of frustration and despair†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Ailey has abstracted this narrative to portray the woman’s despair. BEEN ON A TRAIN The use of the percussive piano accents in relation to movement. For example, the dynamic emphasis of the gestures Ailey uses. â€Å"The power of Cry emanates from its defiantly shifting images of identity in its first section, the bottomless abyss of sorrow approached in its second section and the transcendent quality of ecstatic faith engaged in the third section.† â€Å" Cry became emblematic as an act of simultaneous defiance and release. As a depiction of contemporary African American  identity, the dance liberated audience and dancer in its  modernistic layering of movement genres, especially its  conspicuous use of neoAfrican  body part isolations.† In this work there are three distinct sections and for each new section, there is a new song that is played. The songs used in this work are ‘Something About John Coltrane’ by Alice Coltrane, ‘Been On A Train’ by Laura Nyro and ‘Right On. Be Free.’ by The Voices Of East Harlem. In a couple of these songs the word ‘north’ is used quite a bit. My personal  interpretation is that these slaves perhaps saw freedom and/or refuge in North America, wished to be there but something stopped them.  She clearly demonstrated Ailey’s mother’s struggles as well as any other African American woman’s struggles at the time as a slave to their fight for freedom.

The Importance of Arts Education Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Edu

The Importance of Arts Education Jane Alexander, Chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA), once said, â€Å"Many children are missing out on something which gives their education context, gives their lives depth and meaning, and prepares them to be the future workforce.† This â€Å"something† that she spoke of is music and art education. Unfortunately, she is entirely correct. We are currently seeing in our country a dramatic cut in arts education curriculum in our public schools due to the limited amount of both time and funding. In many cases budget cutbacks mean arts education cutbacks. This limited amount of resources often forces administrators to place a value on the various subject areas. There is always a demand for greater concentration upon the traditional basics: English, math, science, and history. There is also a new focus on computer competency and a renewed focus on the need for foreign language education. Add to this health education, family life educati on, industrial arts education, AIDS education, home economics, physical education, and business education and one begins to wonder where arts education fits in. â€Å"Every student in the nation should have an education in the arts.† This is the opening statement of â€Å"The Value and Quality of Arts Education: A Statement of Principles,† a document from the nation’s ten most important educational organizations. The basic message is that music and art programs in the schools help our kids and communities in real and substantial ways. There is an abundant amount of facts and information that supports this statement. The benefits of arts education can be narrowed down into 4 basic categories: success in developing intelligence, success in ... ...ls. There is so much that can be gained from arts education. It is imperative that music and art education remains in public schools. Because, even though it has been said many times before, the fact remains that the arts enrich us all. @â€Å"Arts education opens doors that help children pass from school in to the world around them – a world of work, culture, intellectual activity, and human involvement. The future of our nation depends on providing our children with a complete education that includes the arts.† –Gerald Ford, former President of the United States of America @â€Å"The arts are about communication, creativity, and cooperation, and, by studying the arts in school, students have the opportunity to build on these skills, enrich their lives and experience the world from a new perspective.† –Bill Clinton, former President of the United States of America

By the time Macbeth murders Duncan Essay

‘By the time Macbeth murders Duncan, he has already lost the battle for his soul’. Discuss this statement and examine the factors which lead to his decision to kill the king. It is the aim of this essay to evaluate and determine the validity of the above statement. I will examine the factors which lead to Macbeth’s decision to kill the king. The definition for a person’s soul is the spiritual part of them that is supposed to continue after their body is dead. People also use ‘soul’ to refer to a person’s mind, character, thoughts and feelings. ‘The battle for his soul’ represents whether this person submits to good or evil. The factors that I will look at in particular when considering what drove Macbeth to commit the murder, are the witches and Lady Macbeth. The play begins with the witches who introduce Macbeth by saying they will meet him. ‘There to meet with Macbeth’. This is an effective way to start the play, as people were very superstitious at the time. They believed in witches and they believed they were evil. One person who was very wary and curious about such matters was James I and Shakespeare had written this play for him. The gunpowder plot took place the previous year and James I was, consequently, very sensitive and concerned about future assassination attempts. Shakespeare was writing for an audience who were predominantly Christian and who believed in heaven and hell; the way some one behaved on earth would decide what happened to them when they died. The soul is very important in this play and this is why ‘Macbeth’ may have been popular as people were interested in these things. If someone lost their soul, they would be lost to God and would be condemned to hell for eternity. Macbeth talks a lot about this in his dramatic monologues. Duncan was a good honest king who had done nothing but treat Macbeth as a good friend. Duncan calls him ‘worthiest cousin’, which suggests the closeness of their relationship. Duncan is grateful for Macbeth’s bravery in battle. He says, ‘I have begun to plant thee and will labour, to make thee full of growing†. Duncan is saying he will do anything to repay him for being so brave. Duncan is a very good person, Macbeth says, â€Å"Duncan hath borne his faculties so meek hath been so clear in his great office that his virtues will plead like angel†. Macbeth knows that he was good and he still murdered him. Therefore is no excuse for what he has done. The King is Macbeth’s guest so he should protect him, not attack him. There are different reactions from Macbeth and Banquo to the witches’ predictions. Banquo believes that Macbeth will become king because he has already become Thane of Cawdor, just as the witches had predicted. He thinks that it is very strange how the witches are helping them. Furthermore, he believes the witches will be kind to them and have their trust only to betray them later. He is clearly surprised and remains sceptical as to their intentions. The different reaction by Macbeth is apparent when he is shocked at first after hearing what the witches have to say. He truly believes that he will become king as two of the predictions have proved accurate. Things can only get better for Macbeth, or so he believes. Macbeth’s opinion of the witches remains undecided and he does not really know what to think about the ‘weird sisters’. There are conflicting beliefs that he has. Firstly, he believes they are not good, but if they were bad why did they give him such success? It seems that he is beginning to trust the witches when he considers the success that they have given to him. Banquo, on the other hand, instantly distrusts them and believes ‘†¦to win us to our harm, the instruments of darkness tell us truths’. As soon as Lady Macbeth receives Macbeth’s letter about the witch’s predictions she begins to plan the murder: ‘Come, you spirits that tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here and fill me from the crow to the toe top full of direst cruelty.’ She wants to be filled with cruelty and wants evil spirits to posses her. She wants to lose her femininity and become manly so she is capable of the greatest cruelty. She hopes to lose her soul so she does not feel guilty. The factors that lead Macbeth to kill the king are the witches, Lady Macbeth and his own personality. The witches led Macbeth to the murder when they greeted him and said ‘All hail Macbeth, that shall be king hereafter.’ In the time of the play it was believed that witches could take demonic possession of people and make them do what they wanted. Macbeth sees a dagger just before the murder of Duncan. Some people may say that it is the witches that put the image in front of him to drive him into murdering. However, Act 1, scene 1 suggests that there are limits to the witch’s powers; they cannot kill. They talk about a lady who did not give them nuts so they want to get her back, and also her husband who is on a boat. ‘I’ll give thee wind.’ ‘I’ll drain him as dry as hay. They say many things that they will do to him but they do not mention killing him and this proves that death is not in their power. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth have a good relationship, they seem to get on extremely well together and when they are apart they miss each other. Later in the play Lady Macbeth begins to take control and becomes rather dominant. She can persuade him to do anything. Macbeth decided that he did not want to go through with the murder but Lady Macbeth talked him into it by calling him a coward and using harsh words. ‘And live a coward in thine own self esteem’. She says this after Macbeth refuses to proceed any further with the murder. She is taunting and humiliating him. When Macbeth talks himself out of committing the murder, ‘We will proceed no further in this business,’ Lady Macbeth makes him change his mind by calling him a ‘coward’. She tells him, ‘When you durst do it, then you were a man’. The implication being that he is no longer acting like a man. She tells him that if he breaks this promise, he will break all other promises including those made to her, ‘Such I account thy love’. Nevertheless, she claims that she would rather dash out the brains of a baby then break such a promise. Shakespeare utilises extremely strong imagery to emphasise just how important it is for her. In Macbeth’s dramatic monologue he gives many reasons as to why he does not want to go through with the murder. Many thoughts are running through his head such as the fear of Duncan returning as something bad in his next life. Additionally, he believes something bad will happen if he goes through with it. ‘To plague th’ inventor. This even handed Justice’ He is going against the deed of killing the king. ‘Strong both against the deed: then, as his host’. He is a kinsman, therefore he can not kill somebody on the same side as him and this suggests that it is not like him at all and he does not want to take his life. When Lady Macbeth enters he does not tell her these reasons but gives different ones altogether. He says the king has been honouring him recently and people have high opinions of him. Consequently, he wants to remain popular with people. Macbeth must kill Duncan so that he can be king and take his place. The witches told him that he would be king, but not necessarily by murdering him. Initially the murder has been devised entirely by Macbeth and not recommended by anyone else. As Macbeth states, ‘If chance will have me king, why chance me crown me, without stir’. He is saying that if he becomes king that is good but he will not do anything to make himself king. As he admits, his only motive for the killing is ‘Vaulting ambition’. I will now consider the nature of Macbeth’s sin. The crime that has been committed is truly evil, but I do not believe that Macbeth is necessarily evil. The fact that Macbeth believes that he will never be forgiven indicates he is genuinely remorseful. The only reason Duncan was murdered was for Macbeth’s personal gain. Macbeth had no real reason to kill him, as the king was a dear friend. There are many reasons that suggest that Macbeth should never be forgiven for this. The murder was in cold blood and it had been planned and not committed in the heat of the moment. Macbeth did not want to go through with it but Lady Macbeth induced him to do so. This is why I believe Macbeth is not evil because he was driven to it. After the murder the grooms were smeared with blood to make it seem as if they had committed the murder. In the morning Macbeth murders them too pretending that he has acted out of ‘violent love’ for Duncan. He does this to get himself out of trouble and to avoid suspicion. Therefore, the grooms cannot deny committing the murder. Macbeth has killed the king. At the time, there was a belief that kings were put onto the throne through God’s power (divine right) and so an attack on the king’s power was seen as acting against God’s wishes. This is the reason for him to go to hell as God has disowned him. Macbeth says, â€Å"He’s here in double trust: first, as I am his kinsman and his subject, strong both against the deed; then as his host, who should against his murderer shut the door, Not bear the knife myself.† Macbeth knows that what he has done is wrong as he should be looking after his guest. After the murder, Macbeth is unable to say the word ‘Amen’, â€Å"But wherefore could not I pronounce ‘Amen’ I had most need of blessing and ‘Amen'†. He feels that God has deserted him as ‘Amen’ means ‘god with us’. He is trying to keep his Christian faith but he believes he is losing his soul and that he will be doomed to eternal damnation. Macbeth feels that he cannot sleep because only the good sleep. After the murder has been committed Lady Macbeth is calm and does not feel any guilt at all. The fact that she is not sorry suggests that she is evil. ‘Wash this filthy witness from your hand†¦smear the sleepy grooms with blood’. She gives him orders as she does not want to get caught and she wants somebody else to get the blame. If I were in the audience, I would be thinking that Macbeth is now behaving unlike himself. He is acting guilty about the murder and he wishes that he never committed the crime. This is dramatic because it shows that he must really want to be king if he kills even though he does not want to and this shows how desperate he really must be. Christians believe that if someone is truly sorry for a sin they have committed and repent, they can be forgiven and, in that case, their soul would not be forfeit. After the murder I strongly believe that Macbeth is extremely sorry for what he has done. ‘I had most need of blessing’. This means that he still wants God’s blessing even after his terrible sin. ‘I am afraid to think what I done’, which suggests that it is so unlike him to do this that he is scared to look back, he does not want to believe what he has done. â€Å"To know my deed ’twere best not know myself† he would rather not know himself after what he has done as he is so ashamed. ‘Wake Duncan with thy knocking, I would thou couldst’ He wishes that Duncan could be wakened with knocking which means he regrets the murder. I do not believe that Macbeth has lost his soul as he feels sorry for what he has done and feels very guilty he also has many regrets. As Macbeth is so worried about the murder he has committed one would not think that he would kill anymore, but he does. He arranges the murder of Banquo, his best friend, and tries to have his son Fleance killed. This is because Banquo suspects that Macbeth has killed Duncan as he heard the witches’ predictions. He has Fleance murdered because the witches said Banquo’s descendants would be king. Macbeth seeks out the three witches to predict the future, even though he knows that they are evil. ‘To the weird sisters. More shall they speak. For no I am bent to know by the worst means, the worst’. He also wants to know what else must be done for him to be king. The audience may have thought that he is turning evil and is just looking for trouble and they will probably be worried about what will happen next. He arranges the murder of Lady Macduff and her children because she has fled to England to join the other side to be against Macbeth. He wants to hurt her for turning against him. Now Macbeth is beginning to lose his soul as he keeps on killing and he does not feel guilty anymore. He finds that he must keep on doing more and more wrong in order to stay in his position. ‘I am in blood stepped so far that I should I wade no more, Returning were as tedious as go o’er.’ He has gone far enough and there is no point stopping as he has done a lot to get where he is. It will be far easier for him to carry on then to stop. It is possible that the witches have sensed a potential for evil in Macbeth and that is why they have chosen to use him. It is Macbeth who has ‘horrible imagings’. He fought in battles so he killed a lot of people there. We learn many contradictory things about Macbeth. He is a very strong man as he fights in the king’s battles and wins. He is described as ‘Brave Macbeth’ and ‘Noble Macbeth’ by the captain, this is because he is very loyal, brave and honourable. However, Lady Macbeth says he is ‘too full o’th’ milk of human kindness’ and implies that he has a good heart. Macbeth has been violent in battle. ‘†¦He unseamed him from the nave to th’ chops and fixed his head upon our battlements’. He had fought a lot in battle and killed a lot of people but after the murder he can not handle all the guilt. His personality has changed. He admirers Lady Macbeth when she is at her most evil, saying she is ‘undaunted mettle’. This is because she does not give up and pursues with her target. Macbeth is frequently associated with dark and night, asking for darkness to cover his feeling. ‘Stars, hide your fires, let not light see my black and deep desires’. Goodness is represented by light and evil is represented by dark. For example, Macbeth using the cover of darkness to hide his crimes, ‘Come, seeling night, scarf up the tender eye of pitiful day’. He is ashamed of what he is thinking. Macduff says of him ‘Not in the legions of horrid hell can come a devil more damned in evil to top Macbeth’. He thinks Macbeth is filled with evil. The name of his follower, Seyton is perhaps a pun of Satan. I do not believe that Macbeth is evil. The witches made him think a lot and this led him to do things he would never normally do. It was the witches who gave him the idea of being king and this is where things started to become bad. Macbeth goes to visit the witches again after the murder who tell him that no person can kill him that is born from women. He now thinks he is invincible. In my opinion, it is here that he loses his soul given that he carries on killing without feeling any guilt. It seems that Macbeth was not only an instrument of evil, but also the victim.

Peace order in country Essay

There are three types of peace orders: Interim peace orders. If you wish to file for a peace order but the district court clerk’s office is closed, you can file for an interim order by going to the nearest District Court commissioner. If the commissioner believes that you have been abused by the person you are filing against and that the abuser is likely to abuse you again in the future, s/he may issue an interim peace order.* An interim peace order goes into effect once the respondent is served by a law enforcement officer.*1 The interim peace order lasts until a judge holds a temporary peace order hearing or until the end of the second business day that the court clerk’s office is open after the interim peace order is issued, whichever comes sooner. If the court is closed on the day on which the interim peace order is due to expire, the interim peace order will be effective until the next day on which the court is open, at which time the court shall hold a temporary peace order hearing.*2 The interim peace order has to include the date for the temporary peace order hearing, and a tentative date for the final peace order hearing.*3 Note: Even if you are denied an interim peace order, you can still apply for a temporary or final peace order.*4 Temporary peace orders. When you go to court during normal court hours to file for a final peace order, you can ask for a temporary peace order, which can be issued the same day. If the judge believes that you have been abused by the person you are filing against and that the abuser is likely to abuse you again in the future, s/he may issue a temporary peace order. This order can be issued with or without the abuser present.*5 The order is effective when it is served.*6 The temporary order is in effect for up to 7 days after service of the order unless the court is closed on the day on which the temporary peace order is due to expire. In that case, the temporary peace order shall be effective until the second day on which the court is open, by which time the court should hold a final peace order hearing. However, the judge may extend the temporary order to allow for service of the order or for another good reason, but not to more than 30 days.*7 Note: If the respondent is at the hearing, the judge may go ahead and hold a hearing for a final peace order instead of a temporary one if you and the respondent agree to this.*8 Final peace orders. The respondent has the opportunity to be present at the final peace order hearing. If the judge believes that you have been abused by the person you are filing against and that the abuser is likely to abuse you again in the future, s/he may issue a final peace order, which can last for up to 6 months.*9 As of October 2011, peace orders can be extended.*10 See Can I modify, cancel or extend my peace order? for more information.

Battle of Midway in World War II

Battle of Midway in World War II The Battle of Midway was fought June 4-7, 1942, during World War II (1939-1945) and was the turning point of the war in the Pacific. Commanders U.S. Navy Admiral Chester Nimitz, Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Pacific FleetRear Admiral Frank J. Fletcher, Task Force 17 (senior tactical commander)Rear Admiral Raymond Spruance, Task Force 16 Imperial Japanese Navy Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, Commander-in-Chief, Combined Fleet Background In the months after their successful attack on the U.S. Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor, the Japanese commenced a rapid push south into the Netherlands East Indies and Malaya. Driving back the British, they captured Singapore in February 1942 before defeating a combined Allied fleet in the Java Sea. Landing in the Philippines, they swiftly occupied much of Luzon before overcoming Allied resistance on the Bataan Peninsula in April. In the wake of these stunning victories, the Japanese sought to extend their control by securing all of New Guinea and occupying the Solomon Islands.  Moving to block this thrust, Allied naval forces scored a strategic victory at the Battle of Coral Sea on May 4-8 despite losing the carrier USS Lexington (CV-2).   Yamamotos Plan Following this setback, the commander of the Japanese Combined Fleet, Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, devised a plan to draw the remaining ships of the U.S. Pacific Fleet into a battle where they could be destroyed. To accomplish this, he planned to invade the island of Midway, 1,300 miles northwest of Hawaii. Dubbed Operation MI, Yamamotos plan called for coordinating several battle groups across large expanses of ocean. These included  Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumos First Carrier Striking Force (4 carriers), Vice Admiral Nobutake Kondos invasion force, as well as the battleships of the First Fleet Main Force. This final unit was personally led by Yamamoto aboard the battleship Yamato. As Midway was key to Pearl Harbors defense, he believed the Americans would send their remaining aircraft carriers to protect the island. Due to faulty intelligence which had reported Yorktown sunk at Coral Sea, he believed only two American carriers remained in the Pacific. Nimitzs Response At Pearl Harbor, Admiral Chester Nimitz, Commander in Chief of the U.S. Pacific Fleet, was made aware of the impending attack by his team of cryptanalysts led by Lieutenant Commander Joseph Rochefort. Having successfully broken the Japanese JN-25 naval code, Rochefort was able to provide an outline of the Japanese plan of attack as well as the forces involved. To meet this threat, Nimitz dispatched Rear Admiral Raymond A. Spruance with the carriers USS Enterprise (CV-6) and USS Hornet (CV-8) to Midway hoping to surprise the Japanese. Though he had never commanded carriers previously, Spruance assumed this role as Vice Admiral William Bull Halsey was unavailable due to a severe case of dermatitis. The carrier USS Yorktown (CV-5), with Rear Admiral Frank J. Fletcher, followed two days later after damage received at Coral Sea was hastily repaired. Attack on Midway Around 9 a.m. on June 3, a PBY Catalina flying from Midway spotted Kondos force and reported its location. Acting on this information, a flight of nine B-17 Flying Fortresses took off from Midway and mounted an ineffective attack against the Japanese. At 4:30 a.m. on June 4, Nagumo launched 108 planes to attack Midway Island, as well as seven scout planes to locate the American fleet. As these aircraft were departing, 11 PBYs took off from Midway in search of Nagumos carriers. Brushing aside the islands small force of fighters, the Japanese planes pounded Midways installations. While returning to the carriers, the strike leaders recommended a second attack. In response, Nagumo ordered his reserve aircraft, which had been armed with torpedoes, to be rearmed with bombs. After this process had commenced, a scout plane from the cruiser Tone reported locating the American fleet. The Americans Arrive Upon receiving this news, Nagumo reversed his rearmament order. As a result, the hangar decks of the Japanese carriers were full of bombs, torpedoes, and fuel lines as ground crews scrambled to reequip the aircraft. As Nagumo vacillated, the first of Fletchers planes arrived over the Japanese fleet. Armed with sighting reports from the PBYs which had located the enemy at 5:34 a.m., Fletcher had begun launching his aircraft at 7 a.m. The first squadrons to arrive were the TBD Devastator torpedo bombers from Hornet (VT-8) and Enterprise (VT-6). Attacking at a low level, they failed to score a hit and suffered heavy casualties. In the case of the former, the entire squadron was lost with only Ensign George H. Gay, Jr. surviving after being rescued by a PBY after spending 30 hours in the water. Dive Bombers Strike the Japanese Though VT-8 and VT-6 did not do any damage, their attack, coupled with the late arrival of VT-3, pulled the Japanese combat air patrol out of position, leaving the fleet vulnerable. At 10:22 a.m., American SBD Dauntless dive bombers approaching from the southwest and northeast struck the carriers Kaga, Soryu, and Akagi. In less than six minutes they reduced the Japanese ships to burning wrecks. In response, the remaining Japanese carrier, Hiryu, launched a counter-strike. Arriving in two waves, its planes twice disabled Yorktown. Later that afternoon, American dive bombers located Hiryu and sank it, completing the victory. Aftermath On the night of June 4, both sides retired to plan their next move. By 2:55 a.m., Yamamoto ordered his fleet to return to base. In the following days, American aircraft sunk the cruiser Mikuma, while the Japanese submarine I-168 torpedoed and sank the disabled Yorktown. The defeat at Midway broke the back of the Japanese carrier fleet and resulted in the loss of invaluable aircrews. It also marked the end of major Japanese offensive operations as the initiative passed to the Americans. That August, U.S. Marines landed on Guadalcanal and began the long march to Tokyo. Casualties U.S. Pacific Fleet Losses 340 killedAircraft Carrier USS YorktownDestroyer USS Hammann145 aircraft Imperial Japanese Navy Losses 3,057 killedAircraft Carrier AkagiAircraft Carrier KagaAircraft Carrier SoryuAircraft Carrier HiryuHeavy Cruiser Mikuma228 aircraft

Please read instructions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Please read instructions - Essay Example The artwork refers to the historic context of the time of the crucifixion of Jesus Christ where he was covered with the crown of thorns. This is relevant to the Catholics and the Christian family as a whole as it gives them a reason to show their respect to Christ for carrying their own afflictions on their behalf (RiceUniversity, 2009). This artwork dates back to the 17th Century where it was done by an artist known as Andreas Praefcke. The artwork is of Italian origin and is normally placed in most catholic churches in the world. The viewer is engaged through the posture of the artwork where it is placed a way show how painful it was for Christ to be persecuted, and now crucified. The viewer’s attention is captured by the pierced palms and the manner in which Christ was crucified without clothing. The historical context of this artwork simply implies the remembrance of Christ’s crucifixion to the Catholics, Lutherans, Anglicans and the Eastern Orthodox. It is an ancient symbol of the Christ’s body (CEJ,

New Business Idea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

New Business Idea - Essay Example Consequently, I am thinking of developing an application linked with groceries appraisal, or cooking receipts with what you have in your fridge which will be a new innovative idea for the success of the business. The application would be easy to access and would provide assistance regarding the food preparation for every individual from kids to adults. It is observed that people get frustrated if they are supposed to have the same food on a daily basis. Moreover, it is frustrating for the people to think what to cook so that people enjoy the food at the dinner. The application linked with the food will be simple and easy to access for every individual having the smartphones. This application will be useful as after the long day of hard work people might not be in a mood to cook food as per the preference of every individual. This application would be one of the effective methods in solving the issue for that you will simply have to open the fridge to comprehend the availability at ho me and input the ingredients that you can see in the app page. After the inputs are made the application within a few seconds will prompt the best options available that can be prepared by the individual. Besides, a small description will be displayed through the app regarding the preparation of the food so that it will be easier for the people to cook their food. The app will showcase the nutritional value of the food so that the individual is aware of the fact that how much calorie a person is going to intake.

Resolving Shyness in Children to Enhance Performances Research Paper

Resolving Shyness in Children to Enhance Performances - Research Paper Example Teaching and interacting with children from different grades in the primary level, I have often identified persistent shyness among children in classrooms and playgrounds, which have been problems that tend to affect their general performances. Specific children demonstrate low confidence when expressing themselves, are less talkative, or even withdrawn. Some are extra self-conscious, self-reliant, nervous, or tend to take longer periods adjusting to new situations (where the rest already easily embrace). While shyness apparently appears to be a normal and temporal behaviour at a specific stage during development, its persistence and interference with children performances (class/playground interaction, inactivity, communication etc) is a challenge and problem in their development and education. Looking into their behaviour and struggle, without appropriate measures to assist the children overcome the shyness, it would end up obstructing their academic performances. I am convinced th at if I get to understand the root causes of their shyness, I could develop suitable strategies to overcome their shyness and enable them to be more comfortable and confident to improve their affected performance areas in learning. Shyness is a common behaviour among children. However, teachers need not ignore persistent shy behaviours among their students, because it may generate certain negative effects in their learning process. Shyness is a simple word used to when describing a person with its’ behavioural traits.

Childhood Memories Image Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Childhood Memories Image - Essay Example In this picture, two children topless are playing on the river where they are joined by two water buffalo and its calf. Behind the buffalos, there is an old man with gray hair whom may be was with the children before the buffalo entered. Perhaps the children and the old man were cleaning themselves and washing the buffalos maybe after long hours working in the field as according to Viet Nam  culture. Water buffalo help peasant farmers lessen the burden of farm work as well as their significant property. The buffalo, one big and the other small maybe its calf splashes water to a great length along the river clearly showing they have just joined the children. The drops of water cover the background of the picture and almost obscure the older man’s face. One child seems to be touching the big buffalo with his left hand while the other enjoying as depicted by facial expression. The old man behind the cows is maybe waiving or raising his left hand a coincidence with the child tou ching the cow with the left hand. This picture was taken in the river or water pond. There seems good relationship between the two animals and the children. This leads to speculation that the animals belong to the children’s family as well as the old man who may be their grandfather. The presence of the boys and the buffalo in the river depicts different cultures in the world. Although people inherit various cultures, they have been interacting with different animals both kept domestically or esthetic. The Vietnamese people and the Asian have been domesticating water buffalo for both economic and aesthetic purposes. They form part of their agricultural civilization as well as cultural values. In fact, the boys, taking â€Å"shower† with the buffalos along the river with a grown-up man looking at the happening depict complete social, cultural inheritance.

The limitations of economists’ idea of a perfect capital market

The limitations of economists’ idea of a perfect capital market Introduction This brief study assesses the limitations of economists idea of a perfect capital market as a basis for theorising modern global capital markets. Todays global capital markets have undergone a global tectonic transformation from the erstwhile discrete and largely controlled capital markets. This transformation has led economists to propound various theories to explain the aggressive and changing global economic landscape. However, economists globally still struggle with the continuously evolving environment across trade boundaries and capital market regimes. It is unfortunate that, like most other branches of economics, contemporary developments of knowledge and technology have not trickled back to further develop the fundamental models that most economists deploy to manage their thinking in respect of the global economy (Blecker, 2001, p 1-3). Economic analysis today has been reduced to forecasting. Forecasting has now become the staple work of professional economists. It is impracticable to forecast econometrically in relation to a situation wherein new institutions will function, on the basis of factors forecasted under old institutions. The economic and political outcomes of new institutions need to be assessed as institutions, and not just as variables (Toporowski, 2003, p4-8). This essay critiques the inadequacies of economists view of a perfect capital market. The study also assesses the same being a constraint for hypothesising contemporary global capital markets. Analysis Background There is a distinct relationship between political economy and finance. Arguably, in an era of finance, political economy is liable to be marginalised due to the evident financial sector dynamism that guides economic development during such an era (Toporowski, 2003, p1). Political economy here is used in the conventional sense of the debate of the function of the state in the economy as well as the economic institutions, as also their impact on the key functions of production and distribution (Toporowski, 2003, p1). The above opinion can be demonstrated considering that the classical political economy, (contending in favour of a laissez-faire state), was pushed to the limits of serious economic discussion during the latter half of the nineteenth century. This is because the increased international finance in the gold standard generated a sense of laissez-faire dynamism (Toporowski, 2003, p1). The collapse of that financial boom culminated in the restoration of political economy of the Keynesian revolution. The financial inflation of the concluding decades of the twentieth century subsequently marginalised political economy again. Consequently, economists are looking forward to the restoration of political economy being ushered in primarily due to the deflation of financial systems throughout the advanced capitalist economies (Toporowski, 2003, p1). The latter part of the twentieth century was acknowledged as witnessing the rise of finance. This broke the fragile Keynesian consensus for active state intercession to steady capitalist market economies. So long as the consensus was maintained, political economy was upheld by the apparent debate regarding the limits of state intervention (Toporowski, 2003, p4-8). From the 1970s onwards, the financial markets saw the revival of activity. This activity along with the ensuing inflation of those markets resulted in the scope for political economy being reduced. Complacent certainties relating to the first neo-classical upheaval returned. The economy functions naturally in equilibrium. It is agitated only by imprudent monetary policies or wage rigidities. Also, keen re-financing is equal to comprehensive economic enterprise. This enterprise then, on the back of vigorous financial markets, requires no state support or overt social direction (Toporowski, 2003, p4-8). This becomes obviously true since financial markets are so vigorous. The monetarist counter-revolution, on attaining consensus during the 1980s, ousted political economy. The new political economy during that time was founded by writers like James Buchanan. It offered a natural political economy of social and individual choice, from which the real economic and state institutions were detached, or reduced to merely choice-making mechanisms (Toporowski, 2003, p4-8). Yet, political economy retained its vitality in newly industrialised and developing countries, where the economic volatility accompanying financial inflation has been most obvious. In fact, the re-emergence of such economic volatility within the more financially advanced economies is now laying the foundations for revitalisation of the political economy (Toporowski, 2003, p4-8). Toporowski (2000, p1) in his book The End of Finance, propounds the theory of an era of finance as a period of history in which finance prospers with such brilliance that it takes over from the industrial entrepreneur the leading role in capitalist development. In such an era, Finance becomes the most important political constituency, and is held to be a proper guide to the conduct of business, social and economic policy, and even our personal lives (Toporowski 2003, p4-8). Moreover, financial volatility causes the finanzangst that troubles the ever-increasing population influenced by advancements in the financial markets. That then turns, as argued by Toporowski (2002), into a cause for the concern of the economics profession with predicting economic variables (Toporowski 2003, p4-8). Historical perspective of Global Capital Markets The significance that Bryer (2000a, 2000b, 2004) attaches to Marxs idea of total social capital has deep implications. Many such implications are yet to be explored. Bryer (1994, 1999, 2004) contends that Marx regarded capital as a social disciplining power working on workers, capitalists and managers. Scholars of contemporary business and society employ the term globalisation for a wide description of business trends (Owen, 2005). Bryers work, argues Owen (2005), lays the groundwork for inferring Marxs idea of capital as an expectation of global capital markets. Building on this argument a little further, it may be argued that the schemes of contemporary capital markets can be comprehended as the recognition of Marxs vision. Evidence of this can be found in the close association among stock markets worldwide as also among exchange rates and interest rates within different countries. This implies that capital can be considered to be a solitary fund of money which is indistinguishable by industry or country or legal form search for a return on capital (Owen, 2005). The true test lies in the degree to which global capital markets have realised the potential that Marx predicted. If Marx is understood as expecting global capital markets the real test is the degree to which contemporary capital markets demonstrate the disposition of total social capital (Owen, 2005). Good economic theory A well-defined and enduring economic policy has characteristics that: (1) are based on concepts which are operational and well defined (2) explain behaviour in a lucid manner (3) are general and simple (4) are valuable for scholars and managers (5) are logically coherent and also (6) fit the facts (Owen, 2010). Economic theory is also commonly criticised. The universal criticism is largely directed on the basis that it is based on intangible concepts that can not be operationalised (i.e. where values cannot be ascribed), that it is contradicted by facts, that it has no relevance to contemporary business and also that it lacks internal coherence (Owen, 2010). There have been economists who have propounded numerous theories for example Simons (1959) theory that bounded rationality satisficing rather than maximizing, Watts and Zimmerman (1978) theory that highlighted managerial self interest as a component of the principal agent relationship and Bryers theory of political economy of accounting (Owen, 2010). Yet, all these theories have, over time, also been over-shadowed by the perfect market approach which also suffers from weaknesses (Owen, 2010). Perfect capital markets A perfect market can be defined as one that bears one price that balances demand and supply, and where buyers and sellers are satisfied with such a price. It is a market where one price rules over the whole market and there are no special deals or offers (Owen, 2009a). Further, a perfect capital market, according to the oft quoted definition, is a market without any arbitrage opportunities. The main characteristics of a perfect capital market would comprise of: one price that clears the market, one interest rate, one rate of return on capital, and also a single price for risk (Owen, 2009a). However, the apparent weaknesses in the economists perfect market model emanate primarily from too much importance being given to individual decision-making and the associated assumptions being unrealistic (Owen, 2009a). The weaknesses in the stakeholder approach, on the other hand, stem from too much importance lent to firm level thinking, the need for stakeholders to be prioritised, underestimating the usefulness of accounting and the separation of finance from accounting. These weaknesses in both the approaches highlight the need for developing another diametrically opposite approach to understand the contemporary markets (Owen, 2009a). Contemporary Markets International economists braved the contemporary world of financial and capital market globalisation along with continually floating exchange rates. They organised this with analytical tools and apparatus that was inherited from the past which rendered them incapable to predict what that contemporary world evolve into (Blecker, 2001, p 1-3). This contemporary era is mainly characterised by severe volatility of exchange rates, unrelenting breaches of purchasing power parity, persistent trade imbalances, recurring financial crises, and todays globally interrelated business cycles for instance the recent global downturn of 2000-01. These characteristics were not really what the advocates of the new order had promised or expected (Blecker, 2001, p 1-3). Primarily, mainstream global economists have endorsed the liberalisation of commodity trade as well as capital markets. They have also promoted the move towards flexible exchange rates. However, there have been a few noteworthy conventional dissenters regarding the last point that support permanently set nominal exchange rate parities (Blecker, 2001, p 1-3). Limitations of economists views Since the 1970s global economists have been busy developing novel theoretical and econometric models to attempt to understand the new realities of international finance. Such models are exemplified right from Dornbuschs (1976) pioneering exchange rate overshooting model through to the latest work regarding self-fulfilling speculative attacks, panics and bubbles Through their pioneering effort, international economists have endeavoured to elucidate the exchange rates volatility which was not forecasted by the earlier generations of models (Blecker, 2001, p 1-3). Frequent econometric tests have found certain original stylised facts regarding the global financial system. These facts comprise fairly forceful findings. One finding is regarding the covered interest parity that holds amongst nations permitting liberalised capital flows, whereas uncovered interest parity as well as real interest parity do not hold. Another finding establishes that relative purchasing power parity (PPP) is usually broken at least in the medium and short term, and perhaps also in the long term. A further finding corroborates that no exchange-rates model which is fundamentals-based can forecast their short-term movements time after time better than the supposition of a random walk. Also, current account imbalances have only enlarged and more unrelentingly since the 1980s (Blecker, 2001, p 1-3). Nevertheless, despite these real intellectual advances, the fundamental investigative framework of nearly all international economists stays mired in past intellectual habits. The core theoretical models relating to international economics are still based on suppositions that refute the current realities of global financial markets (Blecker, 2001, p 1-3). Previous ideas for example PPP, the law of comparative advantage, mechanical balance of 3-payments adjustment and also expected exchange rates continue as benchmarks for research. They also dictate both policy advice and pedagogy. As in numerous other spheres of economics, developments at the knowledge frontiers have not percolated back to transform the fundamental models that nearly all economists deploy to manage their thoughts regarding the global economy (Blecker, 2001, p 1-3). Europes Dilemna After years of economic austerity and stringent monetary policies, economies across Europe have definitely reached a turning point in their economic development regarding downsizing of the public sector, sluggish growth of per capita incomes, mounting unemployment, job insecurity along with the surfacing of disadvantaged economic subcultures in many such economies (McNutt, 1996). There is an acknowledged requirement to make heavy investments in a wide range of social sector programmes. This is needed to exploit the cluster economies entrenched in many economies. Economic theory does offer a few guidelines on the modus-operandi of the distribution of the proposed expenditure (McNutt, 1996). Endowment theories recommend that the expenditure be apportioned to the more prolific regions. Further, altruism theories advise that the expenditure be apportioned to the more underprivileged regions, whereas rent-seeking theories direct the flow of expenditures to groups that generate the maximum private benefit. On the other hand, unemployment subsists in European countries possibly because of the linkage of real wages to the cost of living. In such a case, trade liberalisation may offer a considerable stimulus to output and employment through lowering of living costs as also the reduced costs to the transnational corporation of employing labour (McNutt, 1996). Challenges for economists theorising of global capital markets The recent financial crisis compelled both economic policymakers and economists to reassess various basic issues. These issues present numerous challenges, of which the major three are as discussed below. The first challenge is to properly understand the root causes that led to the financial crisis and how to avert their recurrence. The next challenge is to fix the damage caused to the public finances by the crisis. The third challenge concerns the necessity to draw the correct conclusions to enable economic analysis (Liikanen, 2010, p3-5). Accordingly, the primary challenge is to avert similar future crises. The financial crisis enlightened policymakers with many things. Possibly the most important were the holes in the knowledge base relating to systemic risks. The theory of systemic risk is not unknown as such, although the crisis exposed several fresh dimensions of systemic risk. Prior to the crisis, it was not comprehended how complex the links are amongst the global financial markets. It was also not known that a sufficiently extensive disruption could freeze the markets. Although the global financial markets did not give way in October-November 2008, yet it was so close that a similar risk could not be accepted any longer (Liikanen, 2010, p3-5). A fundamental dilemma in the present debate is the inability of economics to offer lucid guidance as to the kinds of instruments that could be deployed to execute this kind of stability policy. The conventional toolkit of monetary policy viz. money supply analysis and interest rate policy is well-established at the centre of the economics discipline. Yet, the integration of financial intermediation and financial markets with the consequent macroeconomic analysis is even today in its infancy. The appropriate approaches are yet to be established and this provides a distinct challenge for the economics discipline in the future years (Liikanen, 2010, p3-5). The second main economic policy challenge lies in the restoration of the crisis damages to public finances. Subsequent to the financial crisis and the consequential economic crisis, public finances have by and large deteriorated along with increased unemployment, which in some countries has risen quite sharply. The deterioration of general government finances partially reveals the results of various stimulus measures, financial system support and automatic stabilizers. Perhaps even more revealing is the fact that the fall in GDP levels has resulted in clear erosion in the public revenue base. The revenue base is estimated to stay smaller than earlier predicted for many countries. The reason for the smaller revenue base is the estimated reduction of their output potential due to the crisis (Liikanen, 2010, p3-5). The third challenge concerns fundamental issues in economics. Paul Krugman, the acknowledged economist, queried last year appropriately in his already admired column: How did economists get it so wrong? Krugmans fundamental argument lay in the economics profession having gone astray. The fascination for analytical elegance and mathematical acrobatics had locked economics into an ivory tower of frictionless markets and rational economic agents while marginalising attempts to understand the economy as it actually is(Liikanen, 2010, p3-5). Globalisation, Technological Revolution, and the Restructuring of Capitalism Globalisation encompasses both capitalist markets as well as sets of social relations. It also involves flows of capital, commodities, technology, forms of culture, ideas and people across geographical national boundaries through a global networked society. The metamorphosis of both capital and technology functioning together now continues to construct a new interrelated and globalised world (Kellner, 2009, p2-3). A technological revolution concerning the formation of a computerised network of transportation, communication and exchange is the premise of a globalized economy. This co-exists with the expansion of a global capitalist market system which is attracting ever more areas of the world along with different spheres of production, consumption and exchange into its orbit. The technological revolution presumes global computerised networks along with the open movement of information, goods, people and services across national boundaries (Kellner, 2009, p2-3). From this viewpoint, globalisation cannot be comprehended without appreciating the technological and scientific revolutions as also the global capital restructuring which form the matrix and motor of globalisation. Many globalisation theorists, nonetheless, fail on either of the following two counts. They either fail to detect the basic importance of technological and scientific revolution along with the novel technologies that help initiate globalization; else they infer the process via a technological determinist structure that blocks the economic aspects of the institutions and imperatives of capitalism (Kellner, 2009, p2-3). Such biased economists fail to appreciate the co-evolution of capitalism, science and technology. They also fail to appreciate the highly ambiguous and complex system of globalisation that unites capitalism with democracy as well as technological mutations with a further turbulent mix of costs, losses, gains and benefits (Kellner, 2009, p2-3). In this context, economists can be considered to be singularly unqualified to assess the theorising of modern global capital markets based on the above paradigm and evolutionary shifts in the deployment of economic resources. Conclusions It is evident from the foregoing discussion that the vigorous current debate on the global capital markets and its attendant crises cycles has again provoked a reassessment of the prevalent economic theories and their weaknesses. The global capital markets have transformed radically during the twentieth century, especially in the last four decades. To address this transformation, economists have propounded various theories, largely unsuccessfully, to rationalise and explain the tectonic changes. It is evident that contemporary developments concerning capital, technology, knowledge, science and other economic resources deployment have not percolated back to improve the weak economic models that are used to fashion a large part of contemporary economic thinking. Economic analysis has now been reduced to forecasting. It is apparent that the economic profession has failed in its primary function of assessing and managing the integrated and globalised capital market economies, primarily due to inherent limitations in its economic theories. To understand todays integrated and seamless global capital markets, economists need to take a holistic global view on the evolution across all economic, political, scientific and technological advancements worldwide. Economic theories will need to address all the relevant challenges to avert future capital market crises. This analysis has particularly exposed that it is impossible to foretell econometrically regarding circumstances wherein current institutions will operate, based on reasons that are predicted under old institutions. Therefore, economists ideas of perfect capital markets are unable to aid the theorising of contemporary global capital markets. References Blecker, R.A., 2001. Financial globalization, exchange rates and international trade, Paper prepared for the conference on Financialization of the Global Economy, Political Economy Research Institute (PERI), University of Massachusetts, Available at: http://www.peri.umass.edu/fileadmin/pdf/financial/fin_Blecker.pdf (accessed November 16, 2010). Bryer, R.A., 1994. Why Marxs Labour Theory is Superior to the Marginalist Theory of Value: The Case From Modern Financial Reporting, Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 5(4), 313-340. Bryer, R.A., 1999. A Marxist Critique of the FASBs Conceptual Framework, Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 10(5), 551-589. Bryer, R.A., 2000a. The History of Accounting and the Transition to Capitalism in England- Part One: Theory, Accounting Organizations and Society, 25(2), 131- 162. Bryer, R.A., 2000b. The History of Accounting and the Transition to Capitalism England Part Two: The Evidence, Accounting Organizations and Society, 25(4/5), 327-381. Bryer, R.A., 2004. The roots of modern capitalism: a Marxist accounting history of the origins and consequences of capitalist Landlords in England, The Accounting HistoriansJournal (Vol.31, No.1, June 2004), pp.1-56. Kellner, D., 2009. Theorizing Globalization, Available at: http://gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/kellner/essays/theorizingglobalization.pdf (accessed November 17, 2010). Liikanen, E., 2010. Economic policy and economic theory facing challenges after the financial crisis, Speech by Mr Erkki Liikanen, Governor of the Bank of Finland, at the Finnish Economic Association annual meeting, Tampere University, Tampere, 5 February 2010, BIS Review 23/2010. McNutt, P.,1996. The essence of global political economy, European Business Review Volume 96 Number 5 1996, pp. 4-12. Owen, A.S., 2005. Literature review on political economy of accounting. Owen, A. S., 2009. Bryers investor capitalism approach. Ppt presentation of Bryers (1993) The Late Nineteenth-Century Revolution in Financial Reporting: Accounting for the Rise of Investor or Managerial Capitalism? Published in Accounting, Organizations and Society Vol.18 No.78 p.649-690. Owen, A.S.2009a. The law of one price in finance. Owen, A.S., 2010. Classical mode of theorising: methodology for business, management finance. Toporowski, J., 2000. The End of Finance: The Theory of Capital Market Inflation, Financial Derivavtives and Pension Fund Capitalism, London: Routledge. Toporowski, J., 2002. Mathematics as Natural Law: An Epistemological Critique of Formalism in Economics, in S.C. Dow, M. Desai and P. Arestis (eds.) Methodology, Macroeconomics and Keynes, Essays in Honour of Victoria Chick Volume Two London: Routledge. Toporowski, J., 2003. Finance and Political Economy, Paper presented at the Economics for the Future Conference, Cambridge 17-19 September 2003.